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2 nd Post Lab- Bio 22

2 nd Post Lab- Bio 22. Kimberly S. Beltran DB CAS UP Manila. Outline: a. External Anatomy of the Frog b. Integumentary System c. Skeletal System d. Muscular System e. Muscle Physiology f. Nervous System g. Nervous Response. External Anatomy of the Frog.

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2 nd Post Lab- Bio 22

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  1. 2nd Post Lab- Bio 22 Kimberly S. Beltran DB CAS UP Manila

  2. Outline: a. External Anatomy of the Frog b. Integumentary System c. Skeletal System d. Muscular System e. Muscle Physiology f. Nervous System g. Nervous Response

  3. External Anatomy of the Frog

  4. Integumentary System Kimberly S. Beltran DB CAS UP Manila

  5. Amoeba sp. -amorphous -body is entirely covered with rigid plasma membrane which is also used for locomotion Paramecium sp. -body is entirely covered with cilia employed for locomotion, food capture and protection

  6. epidermis gastrodermis Hydra sp. -outer layer (epidermis) is made up of cuboidal epithelium . Nematocyst and cnidocytes are the unique structures found in this layer which functions for food gathering, defense, & attachment -middle gelatinous layer is called mesoglea -inner layer (gastrodermis) is made up of large, ciliated , columnar epithelium Grantia sp. -outer epithelium is called pinacoderm which is made up of squamous type cells called pinacocytes -middle layer is made up of gelatinous matrix called mesohyl which containes ameboid cells and skeletal elements -the inner layer is made up of collar cells called choanocytes

  7. Dugesia sp. • Outer covering is ciliated epidermis which contains rod shape rhabdites and is use to form a protective mucus sheath around the body • Made up of viscid and releaser gland • Dorsal surface is unciliated while the ventral is ciliated

  8. Fasciola sp. -body covering or tegument is syncitial - The tegument is also provided with various penetration glands to produce cyst material, organs for adhesion like suckers and hooks as well as spines for them to easily attach to their host

  9. Ascaris sp/Nematode • Outer body covering is made up of thick, non-cellular cuticle secreted by the hypodermis. • The hypodermis is syncytial and are primarily collagen Lumbricus sp/Earthworm - The body is covered by thin, transparent cuticle secreted by the hypodermis. -the cuticle primarily protects the body from physical and chemical injury and contains numerous pores to allow the secretion to pass and is mark by striae causing the surface to appear iridescent

  10. Arthropods • -the hardening of cuticle in the arthropods is due to the presence of chitin, a tough, resistant, nitrogenous polysaccharide • It is essential for protection, prevention of water loss, support and bouyancy. • The chitin is secreted by the hypodermis 3- spines; 2- ossicles Starfish -the skin is ciliated and hard due to the presence of ossicles, spines, spicules & granules which are CaCO3 in composition -the integument is important for protection & locomotion

  11. Frog Skin • Skin is made up of 2 layers: epidermis and dermis • The epidermis is subdivided into stratum corneum and germinativum while the dermis is made up of stratum spongiosum and compactum • Unique structures found in the frog skin includes the chromatophores, poison and mucus glands which are necessary for protection and respiration

  12. Skeletal System

  13. Types of Skeleton • Hydroskeleton-mass of fluid or plastic parenchyma enclosed within a muscular wall to provide supprt necessary for antagonistic muscle action • Exoskeleton-skeleton secreted by the ectoderm/epidermis • Endoskeleton- a skeleton within the living tissues of an organism

  14. Hydroskeleton

  15. Exoskeleton

  16. Muscular System

  17. Parts of a Skeletal Muscle • Belly-fleshy part of the muscle • Tendons- attach the belly to the skeleton • Aponeurosis- stout band which attach the muscle to the surface of another muscle • Origin- point of attachment which remains relatively fix • Insertion- relatively movable point of attachment

  18. Actions of Skeletal Muscle • Extensors- straighten a part • Flexors-bends a part • Adductors- draws a part towards the midline • Abductors-draws a part away from the midline • Levator- raises a part • Depressor-lowers a part • Protractors- causes a part to be thrust forward or outward • Retractors-pulls it back • Rotators- rotates a part

  19. How are muscles name? • Attachments (scapulohumeris) • Action and size (adductor magnus) • Shape and Locomotion (biceps femoris) • Location and Direction (external oblique)

  20. Nervous System

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