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Circulatory and Respiratory Systems in Human Biology

This chapter explores the circulatory and respiratory systems in the human body, including blood vessels, the heart, blood plasma and cells, the lymph system, and the respiratory system. Learn about the functions and components of these systems, as well as measurements of cardiac function, blood types, and negative pressure breathing.

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Circulatory and Respiratory Systems in Human Biology

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  1. Chapter 30Circulatory & Respiratory Systems Mr. Taylor Biology Rainier Jr/Sr High School

  2. Circulatory System • Blood vessels and a muscular pump (heart) • Transports • Nutrients from digested food • Oxygen (O2) to all cells • Metabolic wastes (CO2, urea, creatinine, etc.) to excretory organs • Hormones • Distributes heat (both conserving and radiating)

  3. Blood Vessels (Vascular organs) • Arteries carry blood away from the heart. • Endothelium; inner lining • Elastic fibers to absorb pumping forces • Capillaries connect arteries to veins • Exchange of gases and nutrients • Veins carry blood back toward heart • Low pressure • Large diameter minimizes resistance to flow.

  4. Lymph System • This system collects the fluid that leaks out into the spaces between the cells and returns it to blood vessels. • This system is also involved in immune functions • Foreign or defective cells (like bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells) are removed in lymph nodes.

  5. Plasma and Cells: the two major components of blood • Blood Plasma is the liquid component of blood • Accounts for 60% of blood volume. • Water makes 90% of the plasma • Dissolved glucose, hormones, and urea (a waste product of protein metabolism). • Ions and salts such as Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Bicarbonate. • Proteins • Help keep water in the blood vessels • Helps transport some substances • Aids in blood clotting • Antibodies eliminate foreign or defective cells.

  6. Plasma and Cells: the two major components of blood • Cells make up about 40% of the blood volume. • Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) carry Oxygen on hemoglobin (contain iron) molecules. • Anemia: too few Red Blood Cells • White Blood Cells: also called leukocytes, aid in immune functions. • Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils • Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes that are critical in blood clotting.

  7. Circulatory System • The human circulatory system is a two-loop system • Heart to lungs to heart (Pulmonary circulation) • Heart to body to heart (Systemic circulation) • This system allows for maximum Oxygen delivery to the cells.

  8. Heart • The human heart is a 4-chambered heart • Atria/atrium: receive blood into the heart • Ventricles: pump blood out of the heart • Valves are present to allow only one-way flow

  9. Heart • Blood flow • From body via superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium • Right atrium to Right ventricle • Right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries • From lungs to left atrium via pulmonary veins • From left atrium to left ventricle • From left ventricle to body via aorta

  10. Electrical Conduction system • The cardiac muscle is triggered to contract rhythmically • An impulse is generated in the sino-atrial node (SA node) • This impulse ripples over the two atria • The impulse then travels across the ventricles pumping the blood out of the heart.

  11. Measurements of Cardiac function • Blood Pressure: • Systole is when the ventricles pump • Diastole is when the ventricles fill • Pressure is usually reported as systolic/diastolic • “normal” is about 120/80 • EKG/ECG monitors and measures the electrical activity of the heart. • Pulse is counted in several areas of the body • “normal” is about 72/minute • Ultrasound is used to take a moving image of the heart and blood as the heart beats.

  12. Blood Types • There are many factors in blood typing, but there are only 2 that we are concerned with: • ABO Blood Types: Surface proteins A or B (co-dominant) may be present resulting in Blood Type A, or B, or AB. If neither is present, the Blood Type is O. • Rh factor: The protein is either present (+) or not (-). • This is the factor that can cause problems between mothers and their unborn children.

  13. Respiratory System • The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the atmosphere. • The respiratory system consists of the lungs plus all the airways and alveoli • Oral cavity/nasal cavity  pharynx  larynx  trachea  bronchi  bronchioles  alveoli • Alveoli are sacs of epithelium covered with capillaries and are the site of all gas exchanges. • The millions of alveoli give a surface area > 40 times greater than your body surface area.

  14. Respiratory Epithelium • Most airways are lined by a ciliated epithelium and have cells that produce a lot of mucus. • The mucus traps bacteria and viruses and airborne particles (smoke, dust, etc.) that would cause trouble in the alveoli. • The cilia move this mucus and trapped junk to the larynx where it is swallowed. • The bacteria and viruses (and some of the particles) are digested/destroyed in the stomach.

  15. Negative Pressure Breathing • The lungs are inside a closed thoracic cavity bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm. • Lifting the ribs and contracting the diaphragm makes the cavity larger and reducing the pressure inside it (creates a partial vacuum). • Air is “sucked” into the lungs to equalize this vacuum. • The respiratory rate is controlled mostly by the concentration of CO2, but O2 concentration, pain, and emotional factors also influence the rate.

  16. Transport of Oxygen • Oxygen (O2) is carried by molecules of hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells. It moves by simple diffusion from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. • In lungs, O2 concentration is high in the alveoli and low in the blood … oxygen diffuses into the blood. • In the tissues O2 concentration is high in the blood and low in the cells … oxygen diffuses into the cells.

  17. Transport of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried: • Dissolved in the plasma as CO2, about 5% • On hemoglobin molecules on RBC’s, about 30% • As part of the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) which acts as a buffer to maintain pH balance, about 65%

  18. Respiratory Diseases • Pneumonia: Inflammation and disease of the lung tissue. May be due to viruses, bacteria, or allergy. • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) • Asthma: airways constrict and reduce airway diameter. Usually and allergic/immune system problem • Emphysema: loss of elastic fibers in lungs makes it hard to get air out of lungs so the person must “squeeze” his/her chest to get the air out. Smoking is the most common reason for this disease. • Lung Cancer: abnormal cell reproduction. Very deadly even with treatment. Smoking is the most common cause of this disease.

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