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NRS 220 Alterations in Cellular Regulation

Section 1 Populations at Risk, Assessment. NRS 220 Alterations in Cellular Regulation. Normal Presentation Cellular Regulation. Cell Cycle: Mitosis- orderly well regulated growth. Cell Cycle. Cellular Alterations. Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia Anaplasia Primary tumor Metastasis.

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NRS 220 Alterations in Cellular Regulation

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  1. Section 1 Populations at Risk, Assessment NRS 220 Alterations in Cellular Regulation

  2. Normal Presentation Cellular Regulation • Cell Cycle: • Mitosis- orderly well regulated growth

  3. Cell Cycle

  4. Cellular Alterations • Hyperplasia • Metaplasia • Dysplasia • Anaplasia • Primary tumor • Metastasis

  5. Cellular Alteration Exemplars • Cancer: Breast, Lung, Colon, Prostate, Skin • Anemia • Leukemia • Sickle Cell Disorder • Hodgkins • Lymphoma

  6. Populations at Risk/ Personal Risk Factors • Health History- genetic predisposition • Carcinogens ex: Smoking • Diet • Self care behaviors • Age

  7. Populations at Risk • Heredity • Age • Gender • Poverty • Stress • Sun Exposure • Diet • Occupation • Infection • Tobacco use • Alcohol use • Obesity

  8. Risk factors Courtesy of shutterstock.com

  9. Populations at Risk/ Personal Risk Factors • External factors, including environmental exposure, are responsible for about 80% of cancer in North America ( ACS, 2007b)

  10. Populations at Risk/ Personal Risk Factors • Incidence of Cancer varies among races • ACS data from 2007 show that African Americans have a higher incidence of cancer than white people and the death rate is higher

  11. CDC data • Among U.S. men, for all cancers combined— • The rate of new cancer cases is highest among black men, followed by white, Hispanic*, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native men. • Death rates are highest among black men, followed by white, Hispanic*, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander men. www.cdc.gov accessed 08April10

  12. CDC data • Among U.S. women, for all cancers combined— • The rate of new cancer cases is highest among white women, followed by black, Hispanic*, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native women.2 • Death rates are highest among black women, followed by white, American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic*, and Asian/Pacific Islander women.2 *Hispanic is not mutually exclusive from white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Alaska Native.

  13. Data • Cancer will occur in about 1 of every 3 persons currently living in North America ( ACS, 2008)

  14. Assessment Alterations in Cellular Regulation • Psychosocial components • Education of disease • Developmental assessment in children • Management of treatment side effects

  15. Psychosocial • Body image disturbance • Fear of unknown • Financial

  16. Body image disturbance Courtesy of shutterstockcom

  17. Education • Collaborative care: • what is the best method for education • who is going to receive the information?

  18. Assessment • Pediatric patients: developmental assessment • What stage is the child at?

  19. Assessment • Assessment of patients with alterations in cellular metabolism will coincide with what alterations are occurring in the patients basic needs. Ex: Managing distressing symptoms occurring with therapy

  20. Grading of Cancer • Grading system of Malignant tumors • Based on cellular aspects of the cancer • Gx-G4

  21. Staging of Cancer • Classifies clinical aspects of the cancer • American Joint Committee on Cancer developed the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system

  22. Staging • American Joint Committee on Cancer • Stage I—tumor invades up to muscle layer • Stage II—tumor invades up to other organs or perforates peritoneum • Stage III—any level of tumor invasion and up to 4 regional lymph nodes • Stage IV—any level of tumor invasion; many lymph nodes affected with distant metastasis

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