Presentation Transcript

1. Sports Injuries, Conditions and Prevention Step Up Programme
2. Task One In groups discuss and list commonly encountered sports injuries and conditions.
3. Commonly encountered sports injuries and conditions include: Fractures Concussion Bleeding Joint injuries Soft tissue injuries Muscle injuries Tendon and ligament injuries Skin damage Dehydration Hyperthermia (heat stroke) and hypothermia Sporting Injuries
4. Injury Classification ACUTE: rapid onset, traumatic event with a clearly identifiable cause. SUB-ACUTE:period between acute and chronic, usually 4-6 weeks post-injury. CHRONIC:slow insidious onset, gradual development of structural damage.
5. Common Causes of Sports Injuries General Over Training Doing too much of a particular exercise fatigues the muscle tissues and can cause damage. Specific Over Training This occurs when a particular aspect of training leads to over-use. Warm Up and Warm Down This is another area commonly neglected, which can result in injury. Age The ageing process does unfortunately mean that metabolic processes involved in recovery slow down. Tendons also become less lubricated and so are more prone to damage Mel Cash
6. Inflammation Heat: Increased blood flow to the injured area causes an increase in temperature; Redness: With increased blood flow comes a red/pink hue to the skin; Pain: Caused by free nerve endings which end blindly between the tissue cells; Swelling: Caused by accumulation of fluid. Lars Peterson
7. What are Soft Tissues? Muscles & Tendons Ligaments and Joint Capsules Cartilage Nervous Tissue Connective Tissue
8. Types of Soft Tissue Injuries Traumatic:Acute traumatic injuries are common in athletes and attract the most publicity and research. This is because the cause of the injury can be easy pinpointed, making it easier to define the injury and ways to treat it. Contact sports such as soccer, ice hockey, rugby, GAA and wrestling tend to have higher rates of traumatic injuries. Overuse Syndromes Overuse syndromes are difficult to diagnose and treat. Overuse injuries are generally caused by repetitive overloading, resulting in microscopic injuries to the musculoskeletal system. 80% of overuse injuries are reported to occur in endurance sports such as long distance running/triathlons, or in individual sports requiring skilled technique and repetitive movements, such as tennis, swimming, golf and gymnastics. 80% of these injuries occurred in the lower end of the body, most frequently at the knee, ankle, foot and heel.
9. Examples Of Overuse Injuries Swimming
10. Overuse Injuries Amateur Swimmers ( 10-15 yrs) 4 session per week (minimum) 1 session = 3000m 120 lengths per session Roughly 624.000 (thousand) Strokes per Year estimated elite swimmers: 1.2 - 2 million swimming strokes per year Brukner and Khan 2001
11. Golf & Tennis Rory Mcilroy Roger Federer
12. Causes of Soft Tissue Injuries Intrinsic causes of injury - factors within the sports person Extrinsic causes of injury - factors outside the sports person
13. Intrinsic causes Lack of warm-up. Inadequate fitness or physical weakness. Anatomical factors. Tight muscle groups Muscle imbalance Previous injury
14. Extrinsic causes Faulty technique. Inappropriate clothing Inappropriate footwear. Lack of protective safety equipment. Inappropriate environment.
15. Types of injuries MUSCLE: haematoma, strains, tears, LIGAMENT: partial tear, complete rupture TENDON: tendinitis, tendonosis, tenosynovitis. BURSAE: acute, chronic SKIN: abrasions, blisters, lacerations Brukner and Khan 2001
16. Examples of Soft Tissue Injuries This centre forward collapsed against the keeper and had ALL ligaments from his knee torn. Surgery and many months of recovery lie ahead of him
17. Task Two In groups discuss and list preventive measures for injury.
18. Preventive Measures Basic physical fitness Adequate warm-up including stretching Progressive warm-up leads to a marked decrease in risk of injury and an enhanced performance Cool-down - e.g. gentle jogging and Stretching Adequate hydration Healthy balanced diet Correct technique Protective equipment Appropriate clothing Appropriate and functional equipment required for the sport
19. Concussion Best described as the shaking of the brain leading to a brief loss of consciousness - Direct force such as a blow to the head - Indirect force as with whiplash in a car accident Recognition Brief loss of consciousness, possibly delayed Dizziness & mild headache Nausea Loss of memory Disturbed vision Pale, cold, clammy skin Seek medical assistance Do not allow the casualty to drive or play sport until seen by a doctor Sevett 2006
20. Bleeding Open and closed wounds Incised; a cut from a sharp edge Laceration; rough tear or crush to the skin Abrasion; graze or superficial wound from a rough surface Contusion; bruise or internal bleeding Puncture; an object entering the body Velocity injury; a puncture wound at velocity will cause extensive damage, there may be an entry and exit wound
21. Types of bleeding Arterial: Bright red; pumping and rich with oxygen, will lead to shock, unconsciousness and death within minutes Venous: Dark red; deoxygenated, gushing or pooling at the site of the wound, depends on size of the vein Capillary: Oozing at the site as with an abrasion or perhaps internally from a contusion to muscle or internal organ Treatment: Elevate Apply Direct Pressure (bandage)
22. Fracture A fracture is a break or crack in the bone Generally considerable force is needed to break a bone, unless it is diseased (osteoporosis) or old. Fractures can be caused by direct and indirect forces. Direct Force – struck by a Hockey or Hurley stick Indirect Force - twisting or wrenching movement, playing football for example.
23. Classification of Fractures Open Fracture - In an open fracture one of the bone ends may pierce the skin surface, or there may be a wound at the fracture site. - An open fracture carries a high risk of getting infected.
24. Classification of Fractures Closed Fractures - The skin is not broken , although the bone ends may damage nearby tissues and blood vessels. - Internal bleeding is a risk
25. Joint Injuries Hinge Joint Ball and Socket Joint The bones are joined by a capsule of connective tissue which surrounds the joint. The joint capsule is lined by a membrane which produces synovial fluid. The joint is then strengthened and protected by ligaments. The entire joint is surrounded by muscles and tendons.
26. Ligament Injuries Ligament injuries in athletes are common, particularly around the knee, shoulder, ankle, elbow and thumbs. Ligament s provide stability to the joints, whilst still allowing motion. Ligaments are injured when forces exceed the ligaments ability to resist a load. Partial Tear – involves only some of the ligament fibres being damaged Complete Tear – involves most or all of the ligament fibres.
27. Effects of Heat and Cold Hot conditions cause blood vessels to dilate (vasodilatation) allowing excess heat to be lost through sweating and increased breathing rate Cold conditions cause blood vessels contract (vasoconstriction) reducing sweating Blood vessels in the skin shut down, stopping internal or core heat escaping Prolonged exposure to cold, wet, and windy conditions the core temperature may drop below 35, normal bodily functions slow and eventually stop. This is Hypothermia
28. Hypothermia Recognition Shivering at first but will stop as condition progresses, usually when body temperature is between 29 and 34 Cold, pale, and dry skin Slow shallow breathing Slow weak pulse Strange irrational behaviour Lethargy Unconsciousness leading to coma and cardiac arrest
29. Hyperthermia (Heatstroke) Body temperature exceeds 40 Uncontrolled heat exhaustion, prolonged exposure to high temperatures or as a result of illness or fever Recognition Headache Confusion and general discomfort Hot, flushed, and dry skin Body temperature of 40 + (the brain starts to swell) Rapid deterioration Full, bounding pulse Slow, noisy breathing Response levels deteriorate rapidly Serious condition that can deteriorate rapidly so urgent medical attention is required
30. Dehydration and Performance Many clinical studies have been carried out to explore the effects of dehydration on exercise performance. At 2% water loss or more the following impacts have been observed: Dehydration can reduce exercise performance (speed and power output) Dehydration can reduce the time to exhaustion Dehydration increases the perception of exercise difficulty Dehydration can reduce mental performance (therefore alertness, concentration, visual motor skills and decision-making) Dehydration and sodium loss can lead to muscle cramps Dehydration is a risk factor for heat exhaustion and heat stroke, both serious conditions http://www.hydralyte.com/sports-dehydration
31. Victoria Azarenka faints on court