Unit 3 Review

1. Unit 3 Review Terms and Applications

2. General Terms • Nature vs. Nurture—the debate in psychology over the relative roles of genetics and environment in producing psychological outcomes • Quid pro quo—”this for that”: an action performed in expectation of a return action • Ostentation/Ostentatious—the gaudy, excessive showing off of wealth

3. Terminology of Literary Criticism • Realism—a literary movement in which writers represented ordinary people in extraordinary, but real situations, rejecting the fantastic, heroic, mythic, etc. Began in the 19th century • Modernism—literary movement from the 1880s – WWII which introduced radical experimentation in literary technique, including fragmentation of perspective, discontinuity of narrative, disruption of syntax, and themes of alienation and spiritual emptiness

4. Terminology of Literary Criticism • In medias res—starting a story “in the middle of things” in order to draw in readers • Flashback—interruption in the chronological order of the story by a scene or image from the past • Back Story—history of a character, often not shown or related, perhaps hinted at • Foreshadowing—authorial hints or suggestions about future events in the story • Flash Forward—Interruption in the chronological order of the story by a scene or image from the future

5. Terminology of Philosophy • Platonic Idealism—Plato’s belief that the reality we can sense is only a poor reflection of an ideal that exists on a higher plane • Free Will—the ability to choose your actions and ultimately your fate for yourself • Determinism—denies free will and sees humans as animalistic, controlled more by biologic drives than logic and thought—if we can’t see the soul, then it must not exist. • Motif—a repeated thematic element throughout a story or other work of art • Persona—a “mask” or personality a character (or real person) adopts in preference to or to cover up his/her real self

6. Composition • Critical Lens Introduction Structure • Interpret the lens • Agree or disagree • Connect to both pieces of literature • Body Paragraph Structure • Topic sentence that connects the lens to a specific piece of literature • Specific details from the literature supporting the topic sentence • Transition or clincher sentence that connects points to one another through the critical lens

7. Composition • Diction • Vocabulary—use of terms we have learned • Mechanics—grammar, spelling, punctuation • Essay Structure—especially topic and transition sentences • Use of Specific Details—precise and accurate • Sentence Structure—syntax, complex vs. simple sentences • Formality—avoiding slang terms and phrases

8. How do you get to Carnegie Hall? Try to figure out which of the terms above best represent the following: • Ethan Frome • The Nick’s details about Gatsby and Dan Cody • As I was hanging by a branch from the cliff, my life passed before my eyes . . . • James Gatz’s view of himself • Using stream of consciousness as a narrative technique

9. How do you get to Carnegie Hall? • The plot in The Crucible turns on the question of whether or not it is right to lie to save your life • Ned and Ruth almost hitting the big elm • Showing off your huge engagement ring • Are identical twins alike in every way? What is they are separated at birth and grow up in different families? • Writing a story about a farmer who struggles with a poor crop due to a drought. • Writing a story about a farmer who struggles with a poor crop using discontinuity of narrative

10. How do you get to Carnegie Hall? • Ethan Frome reflects the lack of economic freedom the poor face in American society • The frequent references to driving and car accidents in The Great Gatsby • Our “decisions” are only biological imperatives • Nick’s reverie about the first time Gatsby kissed Daisy • Nick’s sense of alienation from the world at the end of The Great Gatsby is a characteristic of this

11. How do you get to Carnegie Hall? • Contribute to my campaign and I’ll steer business to your company • Fuzzy picture only seen clearly on a U2 (jet that flies at extreme altitude) • Here we are starting the story in the middle • Gatz could never truly be Gatsby because of his poverty-stricken youth and lack of experience in upper class society • You can do whatever you choose

12. How do you get to Carnegie Hall? • Why did Fitzgerald tell the story out of order? • Who killed Gatsby? • Why did Tom tell Wilson about Gatsby? • Did Fitzgerald effectively illustrate the upper class moral failures of the 1920’s? • Someone isn’t listening right now—years later he curses as he lays dying because he hadn’t understood that his inattentiveness would cause poor reading skills and lead to his using his radio in the bathtub—he thought the directions said he could

13. The Hollow Men (fragment) Here we go round the prickly pear Prickly pear prickly pear Here we go round the prickly pear At five o'clock in the morning. Between the idea And the reality Between the motion And the act Falls the Shadow For Thine is the Kingdom Between the conception And the creation Between the emotion And the response Falls the Shadow Life is very long Between the desire And the spasm Between the potency And the existence Between the essence And the descent Falls the Shadow For Thine is the Kingdom For Thine is Life is For Thine is the This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper. - T.S. Eliot How do you get to Carnegie Hall?

14. We Wear the Mask     WE wear the mask that grins and lies, It hides our cheeks and shades our eyes,— This debt we pay to human guile; With torn and bleeding hearts we smile, And mouth with myriad subtleties.     Why should the world be over-wise, In counting all our tears and sighs? Nay, let them only see us, while          We wear the mask.   We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries To thee from tortured souls arise. We sing, but oh the clay is vile Beneath our feet, and long the mile; But let the world dream otherwise,          We wear the mask! Paul Laurence Dunbar How do you get to Carnegie Hall?

15. Ethan Frome • What is Starkfield like, according to the narrator? • How does Ethan Frome act in the opening frame section? • What is the state of Ethan and Zeena’s marriage as the “past” section begins? • What is Zeena’s illness? • What attracts Ethan to Mattie? • What are Ethan’s plans for his night alone with Mattie?

16. Ethan Frome • What happens during their night alone? • What news does Zeena bring back from Bettsbridge? • Why can’t Ethan run away with Mattie? • Where will Mattie most likely go? • What is the first and only time Ethan stands up to Zeena? • What do Ethan and Mattie talk about on their ride to the train station?

17. Ethan Frome • Why do they decide to take the final sled ride? • What does the narrator find at Ethan’s house? • What is Ruth Hale’s judgment of life at the Frome’s? • Explain the symbolism of the pickle dish. • Explain the simile of the butterfly in winter. • In what ways could Ethan be considered a tragic hero?

18. The Great Gatsby • What is Nick’s mood at the beginning of the novel? • What is his contradictory opinion of Gatsby? • Why has Nick moved to West Egg? • What is Nick’s salient characteristic at the beginning of the novel? • How does he know Tom and Daisy? • Explain Myrtle. • What are some of the rumors about Gatsby?

19. The Great Gatsby • How does Gatsby find out Nick knows Daisy? • What do we know for sure about Gatsby’s past? • Why does Nick like Jordan? • What are some of the signs that Gatsby is not who he says he is? • What is Gatsby’s first reunion with Daisy like? • What does Gatsby want Daisy to do? • What happens at the hotel?

20. The Great Gatsby • Why did Gatsby fail? • What are the circumstances of the car accident? • What does Tom do for revenge? • Why does Nick dump Jordan? • Describe Gatsby’s funeral? • What the heck does the ending mean? • What characteristics of Realism can we find in this book.