Dulce et Decorum Est

1. Dulce et Decorum Est By Wilfred Owen

2. WILFRED OWEN (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) An English poet and soldier, regarded by many as one of the leading poets of the First World War. He is perhaps just as well-known for having been killed in action at the Battle of the Sambre just a week before the war ended, causing news of his death to reach home as the town's church bells declared peace.

3. Dulce et Decorum Est Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of disappointed shells that dropped behind. GAS! Gas! Quick, boys!-- An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And floundering like a man in fire or lime.— Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,-- My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori.

4. Dulce et Decorum Est • Title comes from a Horace’s (Roman) ode asserting the glory of dying for your country. • A common toast during the 19th century. • Verbal irony of title - seems patriotic. The whole point of the poem is to destroy the vision of war as “sweet” or “proper.”

5. Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Perfect rhyme in first four lines emphasizes the overriding image of fatigue of the foot soldiers (mundane repetition) “o” “ou” “u”— Sounds like “grunts” with heavy loads

6. Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge. sludge and trudge with “uh” assonance create a tone of weariness, drudgery metaphor of flares as ghosts emphasizes how the flashes stay with the men long after they have faded Irony? A long march before sleep, and “distant rest” as death?

7. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of disappointed shells that dropped behind. hyperbole introduces the extended sleep/dreamlike, surreal nature of the battle metaphor metaphor of blood as shoe exaggerates (or conveys?) the injury of the scene this metaphor creates the image of a stumbling man—also, the sad irony of being drunk with a lack of something personification makes is seem as if the bombs actually have the intent to kill, not the soldiers shooting them (pathetic fallacy—even the inanimate objects are out to get you. And honestly—they’re BOMBS. They are.)

8. GAS! Gas! Quick, boys!-- An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And floundering like a man in fire or lime.— Only stanza without the sleep/dream motif. This may be because this is the most active and horrific stanza of the poem—they WAKE to a nightmare. How is that for irony? This stanza is also a fragment with a parallel series of progressive verbs to emphasize the chaotic, frenzied nature of the image. A flounder is a fish; floundering often associated with drowning. This introduces the extended drowning simile to follow.

9. Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. the simile creates a surreal image—slow and under water. We, the soldiers, are disoriented and powerless. syntax: asyndeton gives the sense that all these actions are occurring simultaneously—the monster stumbles towards you in a horror movie

10. If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; “s” consonance creates sleepy, dreamlike feeling “YOU”--style shifts to second-person point of view to include us so that we can further empathize. (We have been put into the scene, already.) imagery and “w” alliteration – could it even imitate the sound of the writhing, dying man?

11. If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,-- These two similes comparing war wounded to diseases help the reader relate to their maladies with civilian maladies and create a disgusted tone. They also convey the slow rotting away of war injuries—it is not a quick and clean death.

12. My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. familiarity of second-person address helps pull us in(It is also ironic in such a nasty poem.) The full quote resides here—WHAT is sweet and proper? Death? THIS death? Irony is bitterly revealed.

13. Stanza Structure • Stanza 1: aging/fatiguing effect of drudgery. Time is endless and there is no life outside of war. • Stanza 2: War action comes with a vengeance. • Stanza 3: Time shifts to the present, plagued by nightmares/flashbacks to the scene (there is no future outside of war). • Stanza 4: Relates to the audience and hits with a moral. Bitter.

14. Thesis • Ultimately, our noble ideas about war are lies constructed by those who do not experience its reality: nightmarish life, ending in horrific and painful death.

15. Now write a 3-page essay that discusses: 1) metaphor 2) Sound devices as these affect meaning in the war poem you choose. (See War Poem handout – you must have approval for your poem from me.)