ROME & CHRISTIANITY 600 b.c.e.- 500 C.E.

1. ROME & CHRISTIANITY 600 b.c.e.- 500 C.E.

2. Setting the Stage: While the great civilization of Greece was in decline, a new civilization to the west was developing and increasing its power. The city of Rome grew from a small village to a mighty empire. It adopted and preserved much of Greek art, philosophy, religion, and drama. And it created a lasting legacy of its own. What role did geography play in the prosperity and defensibility of Rome?

3. GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY (has much in common w/Greece) • Peninsula: boot; about 750 miles long north to south • # of islands (largest: Sicily) • Mountainous -- Apennine Mts. (run down the middle; length of the peninsula) • good farmland: 2 important fertile plains ideal for farming are along the Po River; the plain of Latium, where Rome is located, and the plain of Campania, south of Latium; extensive farmland allowed it to support a large population. • ROME became the center of a new civ.

4. ITALY • Rome was favorably located 18 miles inland on the Tiber River. • It had easy access to the sea but was safe from pirates. • It was easily defended because it was built on 7 hills. • Rome also was located on a north-south route in Italy. • Because the Italian peninsula juts out into the Mediterranean, it naturally was a stopping point for east-west trade and travel. • This position helped Rome win and maintain its Mediterranean empire.

5. ROMAN BEGINNINGS • city-states • LATINS: first to settle in Italy • Indo-European peoples moved into Italy around 1000 B.C.E. • One group was the Latins in the region of Latium. • Herders and farmers who lived on Rome’s hills, they spoke Latin, an Indo-European language.

6. THE GREEKS • The Romans adopted alphabet, military systems, styles of literature, art, architecture from GREEKS; taught the Romans how to grow grapes and olives • Military power & ambitious Kings; Good at road building, pottery making, architecture, sanitation • After 800 B.C.E., Greeks and Etruscans moved into Italy.

7. THE ETRUSCANS To the North & West of Rome: • The Etruscans had more impact on early Rome’s development. • After 650 B.C.E., they controlled most of Rome and Latium. • The ETRUSCANS turned Rome from a village into a city and gave the Romans their mode of dress-toga and short cloak. • The organization of the Roman army was modeled on the Etruscan army.

8. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC • Early Rome was ruled by kings, some o f whom were Etruscan. • In 509 B.C.E., the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a republic (a gov’t w/out a king; leader is chosen by the people) • In a republic the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote • In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens.

9. THE YOUNG REPUBLIC • Enemies surrounded Rome, and so the young republic began a long a period of continuous warfare. • By 264 B.C.E., Rome had defeated • the other states of Latium, • the people the central Apennines, • the Greeks in the south, • and the last Etruscan settlements in the north. • Rome now controlled almost all of Italy.

10. ROMAN CONFEDERATION How did the Romans gain support for their empire? • To rule, Romans devised the Roman Confederation. • Some people, especially Latins, had full Roman citizenship. • Other groups were allies who controlled their local affairs but gave soldiers to Rome. • Such people could become Roman citizens.

11. ROMAN VIRTUE How were the Romans so successful in gaining control of the entire peninsula? Romans believed that their success was due to three virtues: duty, courage, and discipline. • Were good diplomats • Excelled in military matters • They were practical, in law and politics, as in conquest

12. THE ROMAN STATE • Early Rome was divided into two groups, the patricians and the plebeians. • patricians:(aristocrats) large landowners; ruling class; could be elected to political office.. • plebeians: smaller landowning farmers, craftspeople, and merchants. • Members of both groups were citizens. • Slaves: some slaves did very well after they were freed

13. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Consuls were part of the chief executive office, that ran the government. • two consuls • ran the government • led the army • one praetor • directed the civil law, or law applied to citizens; later another praetor was added to handle the law as it applied to non-citizens.

14. ROMAN SENATE • The Roman Senate most powerful part in the gov’t (was especially important) • 300 patricians (served for life); made up the original Senate. • At first the Senate was only and advisory body, but by the 3rd Century B.C.E., it had the force of law. • In times of crisis, the republic could appoint a dictator (leader w/absolute power); were chosen by the consuls, then elected by the senate

15. THE TWELVE TABLES • Adopted in 450 B.C.E. , one of Rome’s most important contribution was its system of law. • Rome’s first code of law, • Later Romans adopted a more sophisticated system of civil law, which applied to Roman citizens only. • Law of Nations: natural law; universal law based on reason; handled legal questions that evolved between Romans and non-Romans

16. STANDARDS OF JUSTICE • Standards of justice were drawn from the Law of Nations applied to all people equally and used principles recognized today: • A person is innocent until proven otherwise • The accused has the right to a defense before a judge • Judges should decide cases based on evidence. JUPITER, SUPREME GOD OF ROME, FATHER OF ALL ROMAN LAW

17. ROMAN ARMY • All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the army (10 years) • Roman legions: made up of infantry and cavalry • Fighting force that spread Rome’s power around the Mediterranean • Each Legion had a nickname and a flag (eagle – loosing it in battle considered a disgrace) • Were self-sufficient; could live off the land; did their own construction • Each soldier had its own helmet, shield, sword, dagger; their fighting skill was the key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness

18. ROMAN EXPANSION Rome was able to expand its territories through conquest and trade. • 270-146 b.c.e.: Romans conquered all of Italy, Greece, Carthage (Punic Wars), Macedonia, and Asia Minor • built a well-disciplined army • tolerant of the people they conquered

20. COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC Through the years, expansion creates problems; • gov’t officials became corrupt • gap b/w rich and poor • the very rich lived well, the poor could NOT find jobs • slaves made up 1/3 of the population of Rome • class tensions planted the seeds of the republic’s collapse. Efforts to reform resulted in civil wars that lasted 100 years.

21. TRIUMVIRATE • From 82 to 31 B.C.E., civil wars plagued Rome; three men, Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar, emerged victorious; Crassus was wealthy and the other 2 were military commanders and heroes; they combined their power to form the First Triumvirate in 60 B.C.E. • triumvirate: a government by 3 people with equal power.

22. JULIUS CAESAR • In 48 b.c.e., he comes to power • 45 b.c.e.: was officially made dictator • he increased Roman power, made reforms, launched a program of public works to employ the jobless & gave land to the poor • 44b.c.- he’s assassinated by the Senate • 31b.c. Octavian Augustus restores the republic

23. AGE OF AUGUSTUS FROM REPUB LIC TO EMPIRE: Octavian gave some power to the Senate and became Rome’s first emperor: Augustus • maintained a standing army of 15K men • stabilized the frontiers of Roman Emp • reduced taxes, gave people jobs, more freedom to women • At its height: population 50 mill.

24. THE POWER OF ROME • Augustus stabilized Rome’s frontiers and conquered new areas. • German warriors wiped out 3 Roman legions. • The defeat taught Augustus that Rome’s power was limited, knowledge that devastated him. • For months he beat his head against the door and shouted, “Varus, [the defeated commander] give me back my legions!”

25. “PAX ROMANA” • At the beginning of the 2nd century, a series of 5 so-called good emperors led Rome: • They created a time of peace and prosperity called the Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”). • It lasted for almost 100 years.

26. THE “GOOD EMPERORS” The good emperors stopped unnecessary and wrongful executions, respected the ruling class, and maintained peace. They took more power from the Senate; officials appointed and directed by the emperor ran the government. NERVA TRAJAN HADRIAN ANTONINUS PIUS MARCUS AURELIUS

27. THE EMPERORS • Some emperors adopted capable men into their families as successors. • Some instituted programs to help the people, such as helping the poor educate their children. • They created widespread building projects such as aqueducts, bridges, roads and harbors.

28. LIFE IN ROME POPULATION: • Rome had the largest population of any city in the empire • Rome was overcrowded and noisy. • Wagons and carts were banned during the day, but their noise at night made sleeping difficult.

29. PATERFAMILIAS • The Roman family was headed by the paterfamilias, the dominant male. • The household also included his wife, sons with their wives and children, unmarried daughters and slaves.

30. ROMAN MALES • Roman boys learned reading and writing, moral principles, family values, law, and physical training. • Roman males ended their childhood at 16 with a special ceremony. • They exchanged their purple-edged togas for the white toga of manhood. • The legal minimum age for boys to marry was 14.

31. ROMAN WOMEN • Women increasingly were not required to have a male guardian. • Upper-class women could own, sell, and inherit property. • Unlike Greek wives, Roman wives were not segregated from men in the home. • Outside the home women could attend the races, the theater, and events in the amphitheater, where they had their own seating section. • Women couldn’t participate directly in politics.

32. ROMAN GIRLS: • Some upper-class girls were educated privately or in primary schools. • Like the Greeks, Roman males believed the weakness of women made it necessary for them to have male guardians. • The paterfamilias usually was the guardian. • He also arranged the marriages of his daughters. • The legal minimum age for girls to marry was 12, though most married at 14.

33. ROMAN CHILDREN • Unlike the Greeks, the Romans raised their children at home. • All upper-class Roman children learned to read. • Teachers often were Greek slaves because prospering in the empire required knowing both Greek and Latin.

34. SLAVES: • No people relied on slavery as much as the Romans. • Before the 3rd century B.C.E., even a small Roman farmer would have 1 or 2 slaves. • The wealthy had many more. • The most famous slave revolt in Italy was led by the gladiator Spartacus in 73 B.C.E. • 70,000 slaves joined up with Spartacus, and they defeated several Roman armies before being defeated in 71 B.C.E. • Spartacus was killed and thousands of his followers were crucified.

35. A DANGEROUS PLACE TO LIVE: • Even though Augustus organized a police force, Rome could be dangerous. • One might be soaked by filth thrown from the windows of one of Rome’s huge apartment buildings. • The poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae. • As tall as 6 stories, these badly constructed buildings often collapsed. • Fires were a constant threat and hard to put out.

36. TENEMENTS • High rents forced entire families to live in one room. • Apartments didn’t have plumbing or central heating. • Uncomfortable conditions made many Romans spend most of their time in the streets.

37. ROMAN ACHIEVEMENT ** ideas & culture absorbed from Greece ** Roman art* & literature Epic – Aeneid by Virgil Latin Language principles of law & justice days/months of the calendar Architecture:

38. Concrete The Romans created the 1st true concrete: limestone, gravel, and water Builders built structures not only for sport or symbolic gesture, but they built them to meet the needs of the Roman citizens Humans have 4 basic needs: • food • shelter • clothing • water

39. aqueducts (and the use of concrete)

43. Greatest achievements in Architecture Roman Roads

44. The Colosseum (Gladiatorial Games)

46. Circus Maximus

47. Hadrian’s Wall

48. Pantheon

49. PUBLIC BUILDINGS Cleanliness is next to . . . So the Romans created bath houses and public restrooms with toilets ... Rome was adorned with unequaled public buildings, such as baths, temples, theaters and markets.