Media consumption of Hungarians living abroad

1. Media consumption of Hungarians living abroad 21st November 2016 Analysis for MEME

2. Contents 03 28 Plans and moving back home Demographics Socialintegration Research background Contactwithpeoplelivinghome Media consumptionhabits Background of movingabroad Consumption of domesticcontent 06 34 63 13 75 21

3. Research Background

4. Research Background TARGET GROUP Hungarian citizens between 18-49 years, born in Hungary, living (habitually) abroad (in Great Britain or in Germany) METHOD CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing) snowball method started through 3 channels: I. Throughclosed and publicFacebook groups for Hungarians living abroad II. Throughacquaintances’ recommendationl III. WithFacebookcampaign LENGTH OF INTERVIEWS AND FIELD 15 minuteslongself-completedinterviews. Time of fieldworks: 29.09.2016 – 02.11.2016 ANALYSIS Demographics, reasons and circumstances of emigration. Media consumption habits of Hungarians living abroad, focused on domestic audio-visual content

5. SEEMIG and Ipsos Sample RESULTS, CORRELATIONS Despite methodological and other differences there can some similar results be observed in the two studies. The vast majority of Hungarians moving abroad is single, and relatively many of them have graduated from high school or university. The majority of Hungarians living abroad maintains intensive contact with people at home. METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE The results of the current and the SEEMIG research are comparable on several points, but it is important to highlight some basic methodological and other differences that cannot be ignored during a possible comparison. The SEEMIG analysis reflects the conditions of early 2013, and the data providers were not the emigrated ones but their family members and household members who stayed home. This study collected data also about former members of households currently living abroad, resp. about emigrated siblings of household members, while the current study has reached Hungarians living abroad directly, with snowball method. The current research is not representative, and this could not even be a goal: only those between 18-49 years and living in Great Britain and in Germany were asked to join the survey, while the SEEMIG research presented detailed data about Hungarians living in Austria as well.

6. DemogrAPHICS

7. Summary Most respondents did intellectual work in Hungary as employees but the rate of people working in this kind of position abroad is smaller. While in Hungary many of them were in educational status, after moving this rate became significantly lower. Approx. 2/3 of respondents is married or in relationship, 1/4 of them is single. Half of them does not have children. Members of thetarget group typically visit home once or a few times a year. DEMOGRAPHICS AND ITS CHANGES The majority of research participants moved out in the past 5 years, mostly from the capital. The current type of settlement is different from the original. In Great Britain, the majority is still living in the capital or in bigger cities, while in Germany they have found home rather in smaller provincial towns. In Germany relatively more people are living in villages than in Great Britain. The majority of respondents graduated at least from high school, and about 40 % of them has a university diploma.During their residency abroad, the difficulties caused by language barrels are seemingly decreasing, the current language skills are significantly better than at the time of moving.

8. SampleConstitution Genderrate Currentresidence England NorthernIreland Wales Scotland MenWomen 46% MenWomen 48% 52% 43% 57% age Germany 18-29 18-29 51% 22% 31% 40-49 40-49 35% 22% IPSOS sample SEEMIG sample Currentresidence, gender rate, age IPSOS sample SEEMIG sample The vast majority of respondents living abroad has settled in England or in Germany. The gender rate is almost the same as in the sample of SEEMIG, while the sample reached by Ipsos is older in average. 30-39 30-39 43% 47% N=736 (totalsample)

9. Gender Rate and Ageby Country 6,4 Men56% Men58% Men57% Genderrate Women44% Women42% Women43% total Great britain germany 6,4 18-29 24% 18-29 21% 18-29 22% Age 30-39 47% 30-39 39% 30-39 43% Gender and age of respondents 40-49 30% 40-49 40% 40-49 35% A great proportion of asked Hungarians living abroad are men in both countries. In Great Britain, nearly half of the sample is between 30-39 years, while in Germany only 39 % belongs to this age group. However, there is no significant difference between the countries by age. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

10. Emigration and Citizenship CITIZENSHIP YEAR OF MOVING ABROAD total Great britain germany 6,4 2011+ 61% 2011+ 68% 2011+ 74% HungarianDual 2006-2010 28% 2006-2010 21% 2006-2010 14% 11% 89% -2005 11% -2005 11% -2005 11% RESIDENCE Majority of respondents is Hungarian citizen living abroad permanently and only a few of them are commuting – from Germany more, approx. twice as many(15 %) than from Great Britain (7 %) sincethat country is in a bigger distance. In addition to the smaller distance this is also related to the fact that in Germany the rate of people havingstarted a new live recently (less than 5 years ago) is significantly higher. This is because Hungarians living abroad are more likely to commute in the first years, as the detailed analysis has proven. (This is especially true in case of those who have emigrated approx. 1 yearago.) Citizenship of respondents, nature of residence and the year of moving LivingabroadCommuting 11% 89% N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

11. SettlementType Smalltown Village BIG city Capital Total 32% 34% 13% 22% 32% 29% 4% 35% Great Britain 31% 39% 21% 9% Germany Character of thecurrentsettlement In Great Britain, most Hungarians find their new home in the capital, resp. in bigger cities, while in Germany they rather move to smaller provincial towns. Relatively much more people are living in German villages than in English ones, while the German capital is underrepresented in the sample compared to London. Among people living in the capital singles (unmarried or divorced) represent a higher proportion compared to the average. The settlement type is also related to the number of children in the family: the smaller is the settlement the family lives in, the higher is the average number of children. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

12. SettlementType total Great britain germany Character of the current and former settlement (%) Most Hungarians moving abroad arrive from Budapest, and they typically move to smaller towns. In case of people emigrating to Great Britain the pattern of residences before and after moving is similar (although the categories of towns of different sizes balance out), while in Germany completely different types of settlements are typical among the Hungarians compared to their home. However, it also seems that the rate of Budapest residents is significantly lower among those who moved to Germany (29 %). N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

13. Background of moving

14. Reason of Moving JOINING THE SIGNIFICANT OTHER/Family SETTLING DOWN Other StuDYING workING Total 23% 16% 12% 73% 2% Great Britain 27% 12% 16% 75% 2% 20% 21% 9% 71% 2% Germany Whatwasyourgoalwithmovingabroad? The reason of moving is primarily working abroad. Approx. 1/4 of respondents arrived with settling goals; this is followed by joining the significant other or family. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

15. Reason of Moving Total Settlementtype Gender Age Marital status       18-29 30-39 40-49  Bydemographicvariables Those who have arrived to work are typically young single men. Naturally, those who are moving to join their significant other or family are primarily married people with children. Studying reasons are typical for the youngest, single people, primarily from the capital. N=736 (totalsample)

16. MotivationtoMoveAbroad What kind of reasons played part in your decision? (%) The reason of moving is mainly working abroad; this means that moving was primarily influenced by financial, subsistence and work-related reasons. Family and personal reasons were listed as third most important. There were also professional, political and educational reasons mentioned, but only in lower rate. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

17. LanguageSkills ON intermediate LEVEL FlUentlY ON BASIC LEVEL NOT AT ALL Total Currently Currently 42% Currently Currently 33% 2% 23% Formerly 20% Formerly 29% 17% Formerly Formerly 34% Great Britain Currently Currently Currently Currently 12% 45% 40% 2% Formerly 17% 28% Formerly Formerly Formerly 30% 25% On what level did you speak the language of the country when you moved there? And currently on what level do you speak it? Germany Currentl Currently Currently Currently 2% 44% 23% 31% 37% 41% 12% 9% Formerly Formerly Formerly Formerly At the time of moving the majority already spoke the language of the country on some level, although there are significant differences between the knowledge of the two languages. Most of those who moved to Germany (41 %) did not speak German at all, and only a few of them spoke the language fluently. During their foreign residence the language barrels have decreased, and the current language skills are significantly better in both countriesthan at the time of moving. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

18. Education Level 6,4 Highest completed education level The majority of respondent has graduated at least from high school, and approx. 40 % has a university diploma, however, in Great Britain this rate is significantly higher than in Germany (45 % vs. 36 %). N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

19. Marital Status Marriedorin a partnership single divorced Widowed Total 65% 9% 26% 0% NO CHILDREN 1 child 2 children 3 or more children Total 50% 19% 19% 12% Great Britain 59% 17% 14% 10% Germany 42% 21% 24% 13% Marital status and number of children 2/3 of respondents is married or living in a partnership, 1/4 of them is single. Half of the respondents does not have children, those with children are overrepresented in Germany. Comparing marital status to the purpose of moving it shows that among singles there is a higher rate of those who arrived abroad for working or educational purposes, while among family people those who wish to settle down and join their significant other/family are overrepresented. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

20. Activity Beforemoving • Most of the respondents (more than 1/3) did intellectual work in Hungary as employees. However, the rate of those who work in the same position abroad is lower. Currently manual work is rather typical, the rate of people doing this kind of work is overrepresented in Germany. While many were in educational statusat home, this rate significantly decreases with moving abroad; presumably many young people find a job in these countries after finishing school. Currently What was your typical activity in the last 6 months before moving abroad, and what is it now? N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

21. Socialintegration

22. FUTURE PLANS More than a third of Hungarians living abroad wants to stay in the given country permanently, although there is a similar rate of those who are uncertain about the future. Those who want to stay in the country permanently are typically people with family, living in villages. Those who want to move back to Hungary represent 16 % and intend to do so in 1-5 years. 60 % of Hungarians living in Great Britain thinks that the Brexitwill not affect their residence in the country, but still many (38 %) think that it will make their life more difficult in some respect. Summary INTEGRATION AND KEEPING IN TOUCH The majority of Hungarians living abroad lives with their former Hungarian household members, resp. a significant rate lives with other Hungarians. Most of them have Hungarian friends, local friends and friends from other ethnicities as well, but the difficulties of integration can be seen from how many Hungarians only have Hungarian friends. The vast majority of respondents feels that their integration was successful, moreover, 1/5 of them considers the given country as their home. This is especially true in case of thosewhohavelived abroad for a longer time. Those who have arrived recently often feel like strangers. The tools used most often to keep in touch with people at home are (in order) Facebook, phone and Skype. Traditional phone call and text message is used most commonly, video call is less typical. They contact people at home mostly every day or several times a week. The majority visits home a few times a year, regardless of the time of moving.

23. SocialEnvironment Hungarians(household members EXCLUDED) hungarians (formerhouseholdmembers) LOCAL citizens LOCAL partner LIVING Alone Total 13% 19% 45% 7% 16% Great Britain 14% 22% 43% 11% 11% Germany 12% 16% 48% 3% 21% Whodoyoulivewithcurrently? Most of respondents still live with their former, Hungarian household members, resp. a significant rate lives with other Hungarian citizens. The rate of people living alone is higher in Germany than in Great Britain, while it is less frequent that they live with other local citizens. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britaun) | N=375 (Germany)

24. Circle of Friends Both local and othernationalities Othernationalities DoEsnOthave ANY friends Hungarians LIVING ABROAD Locals Total 22% 6% 10% 56% 6% Great Britain 19% 6% 10% 59% 5% Germany 26% 5% 10% 53% 6% Whoareyourfriendsabroad? For the majority it was seemingly no problem to integrate, they have Hungarian friends, local friends and friends from other nationalities as well. However, 1/4 of Hungarians emigrated to Germany mostly meets local Hungarians. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

25. Circle of Friends vs. Year of Moving 2011+ Between 2006 and 2010 -2005 Local Hungarians24% Local Hungarians21% Local Hungarians14% 6,4 6,4 6,4 Locals8% Locals12% Locals17% Other61% Other62% Other68% No friends5% No friends1% No friends 7% Who are your friends abroad? The composition of circle of friends of Hungarians arrived recently differs from the circle of friends of those who live abroad for a longer time. Among the freshly moved there is a relatively higher rate of those who do not really have friends yet, resp. who rather seek connections with other Hungarians living abroad. This rate is significantly lower in case of those who live abroad for a longer time (even for a decade); in their case the rate of local friends is higher than average. N=736 (totalsample)

26. Degree of Integration Start to SETTLE in but OFTEN feellikeStrangers Couldnotreally SETTLE in ALREADY Consider THIS country ashome MANAGED TO SETTLE IN QUITE WELL Total 23,6% 51,8% 21,1% 3,5% Great Britain 20,5% 51,2% 24,9% 3,3% Germany 26,7% 52,3% 17,3% 3,7% How do you feel about your integration abroad? Most of respondents feel that their integration was successful, moreover, 1/5 of them considers the given country as their home. For Hungarians living in Germany it is more typical to feel like strangers, therefore it is understandable that they also consider the country less as their home. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

27. Integration vs. Year of Moving 2011+ Between 2006 and 2010 -2005 Failed3% Failed4% Failed4% 6,4 6,4 6,4 Start tosettlle in29% Start tosettle is 14% Start tosettle in 8% Settled in successfully52% Settled in successfully51% Settled in successfully51% Feellikehome15% Feellikehome31% Feellikehome37% How do you feel about your integration abroad? The degree of integration significantly depends on the time spent in the new country. The longer the respondents live abroad, the more they feel like home there, while those who have arrived recently, often feel like strangers. Most of respondents integrated successfully, regardless of time spend abroad, and there is a marginal rate of those who completely failed, which is probably connected with other reasons than time spent abroad. N=736 (totalsample)

28. Contact with people at home

29. Ways of Keeping in Touch skype viber whatsapp phone facebook 6,4 Total 87% 95% 83% 55% 44% Great Britain83% 95% 84% 56% 35% Germany91% 94% 82% 54% 52% Usage of communication channels Most typcial way of keeping in touch with people at home are (in order) Facebook, phone and Skype. Usage of WhatsApp is more common among Hungarians in Germany but it is stillthe least popular way of communication in bothcountries. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

30. Ways of Keeping in Touch pHONE facebook skype viber whatsapp Text messages 87% 34% 50% 41% 38% Phonecalls 6,4 39% 36% 66% 35% 20% Video calls 38% 68% 30% 23% 12% Ways of usage of communication channels People communicate with text messages most often via Facebook. For calls they use the telephone most often, and after this Facebook, Skype and Viber have a similar popularity. For video calling, 2/3 uses Skype. Viber is mostly used for text messaging (although it is not the most widespread method), just like WhatsApp. N=736 (totalsample)

31. Frequency of Communication vs. Target Country HowoftendoYoucommunicatewithyouracquaintanceslivinginhungary? Howoftendoyouvisithungary? 6,4 Keeping in touch and frequency of visitinghome 2/3 ofrespondents communicate with their acquaintances every day or every few days – Hungarians living in Germany do so a slightly more frequently. There are only a few who communicate with people at home less frequently than two weeks. Approx. half of the respondents visit home a few times a year, but there are also many who do so every 2-3 months. Hungarians living in Germany – just like in case of keeping in touch – visit home more often than those who live in Great Britain. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

32. Frequency of Communication vs. Year of Moving Between 2006 and 2010 2011+ -2005 Daily37% Daily40% Daily36% 6,4 6,4 6,4 6,4 Everyfewdays29% Everyfewdays29% Everyfewdays25% Weekly20% Weekly21% Weekly17% Less often11% Less often13% Less often22% How often do you contact your acquaintances in Hungary? Those who moved abroad in the past few years communicate slightly more with people at home than average, but regardless of the time of moving it can be said that daily contact is typical, even those who live abroad for a longer time do not communicate much less frequently. N=736 (totalsample)

33. Frequency of VisitingHome vs. Year of Moving Between 2006 and 2010 -2005 2011+ Atleastmonthly8% Atleastmonthly7% Atleastmonthly11% 6,4 6,4 6,4 6,4 2-3 months19% 2-3 months18% 2-3 months18% A fewtimes a year48% A fewtimes a year44% A fewtimes a year40% Less often25% Less often31% Less often31% How often do you visit Hungary? Those who have moved recently visit home more frequently than others living abroad for a longer time. Among members of the latest group there are relatively more who never visit home anymore. Most of respondents visit home a few times a year, regardless of the time of moving. N=736 (totalsample)

34. MEDIA CONSUMPTION HABITS

35. Summary Watching TV, media consumption and its changes Frequency of watching TV has significantly decreased compared to times before moving. The radio consumption shows the same trend (although in a lower rate), and the situation of reading print is even more drastic. However, the frequency of internet usage is moving in an opposite direction. Hungarians living abroad are using internet on a daily basis, even several times a day. Almost everyone of them also uses WiFi daily on different devices. The rate of those who currently consume less media than usual is very high. Those who watch less TV are typically single men living in capitals who keep in touch with people at home less frequently. Those who listen to the radio less frequently are typically young women who visit home often and would like to return. Newspapers are mostlyunpopular among elder divorced women living in small towns who also would like to come home. There are no significant differences between the countries in this respect. Among those who watch TV more frequently there is a higher rate of people who want to stay in the given country permanently. The frequent radio listeners and newspaper readers are typically living in the capital, and among those who use internet more frequently the elder women are overrepresented who plan to move back home in the future. Hungarians living abroad are well provided with digital tools, moreover, the vast majority of them has internet connection perfectly suitable for live video watching (streaming) at their foreign residence. PAY-TV AND ITS CHANGES Back at home 86 % of the respondents used pay-TV services, currently this rate is significantly lower, only 46 %. The vast majority of this group (88 %) used pay TV services at home as well, in a higher rate than those who are currently not clients. Most of them refer to the internet: they can find here all contents they are interested in. In relationto TV contents the free web-TV containing live programs and available on the internet was mentioned most frequently.

36. Media Consumption total Great britain germany TV38% TV 35% TV40% 6,4 6,4 6,4 Radio42% Radio37% Radio46% Print14% Print 14% Print 15% Internet 98% Internet 98% Internet 99% Media consumptionon a dailybasis The dominance of internet among media types is unquestionable. The rate of those who do not use TV, radio or print media at all can be estimated between 14-20 %, while internet is used by all respondents with a certain frequency. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

37. Television Beforemoving CURRENTLY Severaltimes a day Never Severaltimes a day Never 7% 10% 18% 17% Less often 13% Everyday Less often 28% Severaltimes a week 19% 23% Everyday Frequency of TV usage Severaltimes a week 25% 40% Frequency of watching TV has significantly decreased with moving. Before, 40 % of respondents watched TV every day, now only less than 1/3 of them, and even less do so more frequently. Moreover, the rate of those who do not watch TV at all has significantly increased (tripled) as well. N=736 (totalsample)

38. TV vs. Target Country Great britain Germany Watching TV currently and before moving Hungarians living in Germany used to watch TV more frequently already before the moving. Moving affected the frequency of TV watching similarly as in case of Hungarians living in Great Britain, however, due to initial differences Hungarians in Germany watch more TV even currently than those living in England, Scotland or North Ireland. N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

39. Radio Beforemoving CURRENTLY Severaltimes a day Never Severaltimes a day Never 7% 14% 13% 16% Less often 14% Less often 17% Everyday 29% Severaltimes a week 29% Everyday Frequency of radiousage Severaltimes a week 26% 33% The frequency of listening to the radio has also decreased among people living abroad compared to times before moving, although not so significantly like in case of watching TV. Listening to the radio on a daily basis is still most typical, however, the number of those who currently never listen to radio has doubled. N=736 (totalsample)

40. Radio vs. Target Country Great Britain Germany Listeningtotheradiocurrently and beforemoving The same tendency can be observed as in case of TV: for Hungarians living in Germany the daily radio listening was more typical already before moving than for Hungarians living in Great Britain. It is a spectacular difference that while in case of Hungarians in Germany the rate of those who never listen to the radio has increased by only 4 percentage points , in Great Britain this difference is 10 percentage points. N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

41. Print Beforemoving currently Never Severaltimes a day Severaltimes a day 4% 9% 7% Never 20% 10% Everyday Everyday Less often 21% 31% Severaltimes a week 22% Less often 42% Frequency of reading print media 31% Severaltimes a week Just like in the cases mentioned before, the frequency of reading print media has also drastically decreased, reading on a daily basis or several times a day is reduced by half. The rate of those who read less often than once a week has significantly increased (and is currently the highest), and the number of those who never read print media has also tripled. N=736 (totalsample)

42. Print vs. Target Country GREAT BRITAIN GERMANY Reading print mediacurrently and beforemoving While in case of watching television and listening to the radio there was a difference between the consumption of German and British sample both before and after moving, in case of print the rates in both countries are nearly the same regarding the current situation. The daily and weekly print consumption was somewhat more frequent among Hungarians living in Germany before moving, however, this difference has disappeared with emigration. N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

43. Internet CURRENTLY BEFORE MOVING Less often Less often 3% Severaltimes a week Severaltimes a week 6% Everyday 26% Everyday 28% Severaltimes a day 72% Severaltimes a day 63% Frequency of internet usage The frequency of internet usage is moving in an opposite direction compared to the frequency of watching TV, listening to the radio and reading printmedia. With the increase of distance the role of internet has presumably become more important for those living abroad, since they are using the internet basically every day, mostlyeven several times. N=736 (totalsample)

44. Internet vs. Target Country GREAT BRITAIN GERMANY Internet usagecurrently and beforemoving While the consumption of traditional media was rather typical for Hungarians living in Germany, the daily internet usage was more frequent among those living in Great Britain. The difference between these groups were 10 percentage points already before moving, and with emigration it has increased further to 13 percentage points. N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

45. Change of Media Consumption RADIO PRINT INTeRNET TV increased11% increased21% increased13% increased4% no change44% no change42% no change35% no change81% decreased45% decreased37% decreased53% decreased15% • There are detectable changes in the frequency of watching TV, listening to the radio and reading print compared totimesbefore moving. The rate of those who currently consume media less frequently than usual is remarkably high. Those who watch TV less frequently are typically single men living in capitals; they also keep in touch with people at home less frequently compared to the average. Those who listen to the radio less frequently are rather young women who travel home often and would like to return. Among those who read print less frequently in their foreign residence, the elder, divorced women living in small towns represent a higher proportion – they would alsolike to move home. There is no significant difference between the countries in this respect. Among those who watch TV more frequently there is a bigger proportion of those who intend to stay permanently in the given country; those who listen to the radio and read print more often are typically living in the capital, and among those who use the internet more frequently the elder women are overrepresented, who plan to move back in the future. Changes in usage of mediatypesaftermoving N=736 (totalsample)

46. AvailableDevices INTeRNET TV Doyou, oryourcurrent household dispose of thefollowing? (%) The most common device which can be found in almostevery household is the smartphone. The majority of smartphone owners has internet on this device. Moreover, most foreign households dispose of a laptop or notebook and home landline internetaswell. The average smart TV penetration of 44 % measured on the sample is outstanding compared to domestic rates. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany) * Ipsos’ CAPIbus measurement in October shows a smart TV coverage of 5,4 % in this age group in Hungary.

47. Solutionsfor TV Reception Howcan be TV channelsreceived in yourcurrent household? (%) In case of foreign households the digital terrestrial receiving is the most frequent reception method. This is especially true for households in Great Britain where TVchannels can be received this way in more than 50 % of the cases. This is followed by digital cable which is typical for respondents living in Germany in a higher proportion than average. The rate of analogue reception is marginal, especially among Hungarians living in Great Britain. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

48. ExpensesAssociatedwithWatching TV PAYING TAX FOR TV DEVICE(S) IN THE HOUSEHOLD USE OF PAY-TV SERVICE Total 45% Great Britain 45% Germany 44% Nearly 80 % pays tax to the state for TVdevice in the household, and the majority of this group pays tax for a single device. Nearly 50 % of respondents uses pay-TV service, the majority of them (88 %) has pay-TV at home as well, in a higher proportion than those who are currently not clients. N=736 (totalsample) | N=361 (Great Britain) | N=375 (Germany)

49. Use of Pay-TV Services Total Age Marital status Settlementtype Gender        18-29 30-39 40-49 Paid TVchannels are typically watched by the elder age group, among them the divorced represent a higher proportion. They have moved to the given country long ago, they intend to stay permanently, they consider the given country as their home. The youngest generation (especially the singles) uses this kind of service less frequently. Among them there is also a higher rate of those who have recently moved abroad. A higher proportion of them is represented by those who would like to return to Hungary; they currently visit home several times a month. Bydemographicvariables N=736 (totalsample)

50. Use of TV Services BEFORE MOVING GREAT BRITAIN 25% 12% 30% 6% 3% 3% 4% 3% 11% 33% 7% 7% 6% 9% 5% 9% 7% 6% • KabelDeutschland Virgin Digi Netflix Sky Invitel • British Telecom Other UPC • Other UPC • Other Digi Sky Antenna Hungária Telekom UPC Telekom GERMANY Fromwhich TV providerdoyoureceive/haveyoureceived a service? Before moving, the majority of respondents disposed of pay-TV service in Hungary (86 %); they received it most frequently from providers Digi TV, UPC Direct and T-Home. Nearly half of them (46 %) also subscribes for TVservice at they residence abroad. 2/3 of those who did not use this kind of service at home, do not take this opportunity in their current residence either. Although they have clients in both countries, in Great Britain the Sky and in Germany the UPC are the most frequently used TV-providers. In Great Britain this provider is followed by Virgin Media, and in Germany both Kabel Deutschland and Deutsche Telecom represent a significant rate among respondents. Other mentioned TV-providers: TalkTalk, Invitel, NowTV, Tarr, OTE TV, Cablecom, Primacom, HD+, 1&1 N=241 (thosewhousepay-TV service) | N=125 (Great Britain) | N=116 (Germany)