Theology III: Church History 2011-2012 AD Marian Central Catholic HS Mr. Pipitone

1. Theology III: Church History2011-2012 ADMarian Central Catholic HSMr. Pipitone Fr. DiTomo, priest of the Diocese of Rockford, Parochial Vicar, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton, Crystal Lake

2. Oremus… (Let us pray…) Pater nosterPater noster, qui es in cælis,sanctificetur nomen tuum;adveniat regnum tuum;fiat voluntas tua,sicut in caelo et in terra.Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie,et dimitte nobis debita nostra,sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris;et ne nos inducas in tentationemSed libera nos a malo. Amen Our Father (Lord's Prayer)Our Father, who art in heaven,hallowed be thy name; thy kingdom come;thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.Give us this day our daily bread;and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us;and lead us not into temptation,but deliver us from evil. Amen

3. Lesson 20: * The French Revolution & Napoleon(Chapter 17) See The History of the Church, Chapter 17, pp. 616-647

4. The Old Regime: Three Estates • The First Estate • Clergy • Wealthy influential clergy & poor parish priests • But, the Church also held 1/5 of the land in France • Note: the Church required a lot of tithes, (orphanages, hospitals, schools, universities, unemployment relief, distribution of food to poor, etc.) • Exempted from taxation • The Second Estate • About 400,000 nobles • Exempted themselves from taxation • The Third Estate (“the 97%”) • The Bourgeoisie (middle class): Wealthy bankers, lawyers, merchants • Could have paid taxes, but exempted themselves • The poor (both urban and rural) • Bore the heaviest brunt of taxes • Also: suffered from economic inflation (since 1730s, price of consumer goods ↑ 65% while wages only ↑ 22%) • Suffered from poor harvests in 1780s Palace of Versailles

5. Financial Crisis • Nearly a century of economic mismanagement and abuse typified by (the “Sun King”) King Louis XIV’s lavish lifestyle (Palace of Versailles) and his expensive and careless wars tremendous DEBT. • At one point: cost of Versailles/monarchy lifestyle = 10% of national budget; cost of social programs/pensions 8% • More tax revenues needed; Kings Louis XV and XVI sought to reform taxation system BUT: • The nobility avoided paying and resisted economic reforms • They hoped economic constraints upon king would give them more political power

6. Versailles

7. The Estates General • Nobility pressured Louis XVI to convene the Estates General in 1788 (first time since 1614!) • Original model of Estates General: 3 estates, meet in separate chambers, each have one vote • Some clergy sympathized with poor of Third Estate and met in their chamber • One abbot, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, wrote a pamphlet called “What is the Third Estate?” where he argued that the Third Estate by itself represented the people of France; Sieyes eventually renounced his faith • June 17, 1789: The Third Estate proclaimed itself the “National Assembly”, assuming supreme power and jurisdiction over all of France • June 20: King Louis XVI, gives in to nobility pressure, and locks the Third Estate out of meeting hall. • National Assembly meets in nearby tennis court, takes the Tennis Court Oath-promising to stay until they draft a new constitution. • King orders 20,000 troops to Versailles

8. Bastille Day! • Massive food shortages in streets of Paris • Mobs begin to loot (stores, warehouses) and burn (tariff houses), sack convent of Saint-Lazare looking for food. • July 14, 1789: a mob attacks the Bastille —a Medieval fortress used as an arsenal and prison, seizing muskets and artillery. • Bourgeoisie in National Assembly form the “National Guard” to preserve order in Paris and other cities • The “Great Fear”: fearful that nobles would use foreign forces to suppress them, hungry mobs of peasants storm aristocratic manors searching for food, destroying feudal records The tricolor flag, symbol of the French National Guard, would eventually be the French national flag

9. The Declarations of the Rights of Man and Citizen • The largely Bourgeois National Assembly also had to meet the demands of the poor peasants in order to maintain peace • Officially ended all feudal obligations of peasant serfs, eliminated most of special rights of nobility • August 26, 1789, the Assembly issued The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen declaring: • All men were born equal and held rights to liberty, property, security, and resisted • Influenced by Rousseau’s social contract • Influenced by major philosophical principles of the Enlightenment

10. The Declarations of the Rights of Man and Citizen (cont.) • Law was understood as expression of the General Will of the people; all public officials and armed forces subject to authority of nation founded on will of people • vs. old idea of divine right of kings (King Louis XIV saying, “I am the state!”) • said there should bereligious tolerance as long as religious beliefs did not “disturb the public order established by law.” • Left the door open for persecution of the Church • King Louis XVI and nobility, of course, did not accept DRMC, a large number march on Versailles, and takes the King with them back to France • The National Assembly established a single chamber for government called the Legislative Assembly that met in Paris together with the King.

11. ???????? • There was stillan economic problem (debt, poverty, famine) • How do you get the money the nation needs?

12. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy • The Assembly sought to balance budget by passing laws to seize Church’s wealth and landholdings, disbanding monasteries and convents, and redistribute land among French people. • (within 10 years, nearly 10 percent of all lands and buildings in France passed to citizens through paper bonds) • This largest transfer of property in European history largely benefited upper middle class bourgeoisie who dominated Legislative Assembly • This movement of wealth stripped the Church of its ability to be the social welfare system for the poor. Above: assignats from 1790 and 1792, respectfully. The assignats were issued after the confiscation of church properties in 1790 because the government was bankrupt. The government thought that the financial problems could be solved by printing paper bond certificates representing the value of church properties (almost circulated like money). These church lands became known as biens nationaux (“national goods”). Assignats were used to successfully retire a significant portion of the national debt as they were accepted as legitimate payment by domestic and international creditors.

13. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy • The Legislative Assembly wanted to • bring the Church in line with principles of the revolution • and establish a Gallican Church that would serve as a social arm of secular government – • issued The Civil Constitution of the Clergy. • Aimed to: • secularize the clergy • govern the Church in France • separate all its administrative decisions from the Papacy.

14. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy • This legislation dealt with a range of issues: • Set number of bishops • Set clergy salary structure • Reduced clergy to status of state officials, civil servants • Restricted travel of parish priests could not travel away from their parish for more than 2 weeks • Attempted to “democratize” Church, priests would be chosen by local assemblies, and all citizens, including non-Catholics, would choose hierarchy of the Church • Catholic Church in France placed under jurisdiction of civil authorities. • Diplomatic ties with Holy See severed in 1791

15. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy • What do you think the reaction of the Church would be?

16. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy • Archbishop of Aix formally rejected Civil Constitution, called upon faithful to do the same. • Initially, most clergy did not accept the document: “only four of 134 bishops (BUT) 30,000 of 70,000 priests recognized the document • Those who did not agree to document were threatened with legal action more complied •  a schism in the Church in France: • “constitutionalist” = those clergy who accepted Civil Constitution of the Clergy • “non-jurors = those clergy who rejected it.

17. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy • 1791: Pope Pius VI came out and publicly supported the non-jurors, formally condemned Civil Constitution; the Legislative Assembly accused pope of being an enemy of the state. • Large regions of France (Vendee, Normandy, Brittany) rejected the Legislative Assembly’s treatment of the Church and supported the Pope. Map of France during French Revolution (Vendee would be off the west coast south of Brittany)

18. The French Republic • Jacobins: revolutionary members of the Legislative Assembly who sought to uproot all traditional institutions of the Old Regime. • Nationalizing royal lands, replacing networks of nobles with elected legislative assemblies • Fanatical Jacobins wanted the French Revolution to spread to every nation. • Aware that the Austrian monarchy opposed the Legislative Assembly because it threatened to spread the Revolution, the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria

19. The French Republic • Founding of Republic = the “second French Revolution”: • Poor commoners (the “sans-culottes”) became angry with the Bourgeoisie (middle-class) Jacobin domination of the Assembly • Riots broke out in French cities • Rebels set up a revolutionary government called a “Commune” in Paris • In their Constitutional Convention in Sept 1792 they reorganized France’s political structure, created a Republic, abolished the monarchy, & emphasized jurisdiction of neighborhood clubs and assemblies, opening up democratic process to ordinary citizens. • French army grows from 180,000 to 650,000 troops Hey, NICE pants!: “sans-culottes” named after their working-class pants

20. The French Republic • Mad Mob Violence of the French Revolution (see p. 629 of text) – excerpt from London Times, Sept 10, 1792, report based on eyewitness accounts • “The number of clergy found in the Carmelite Convent was about 220. They were handed out of the prison door two by two into the Rue Vaugerard, where their throats were cut. Their bodies were fixed on pikes and exhibited to the wretched victims who were next to suffer. The mangled bodies of others are piled against the houses in the streets; and in the quarters of Paris near to which the prisons are, the carcasses [sic] lie scattered in hundreds, diffusing pestilence all around. …

21. The French Republic • “…The streets of Paris, strewed with the carcasses of the mangled victims, are become so familiar to the sight, that they are passed by and trod on without any particular notice. … every person who had the appearance of a gentleman, whether stranger or not, was run through the body with a pike. He was of course an Aristocrat, and that was a sufficient crime. A ring, a watch chain, a handsome pair of buckles, a new coat… was sure to cost the owner his life. …

22. The French Republic • “… The army marching from Paris exhibits a very motley group. There are almost as many women as men, many without arms, and very little provision. A principal object with them is to destroy the corn and lay waste the country so that the confederates may be cramped for want of supplies.”

23. The French Republic • (This purge continued for most of the year. By the end of 1792 the total was 1500. • One-hundred and ninety-one September martyrs were beatified by Pope Pius XI in 1926. • http://godzdogz.op.org/2009/09/saints-this-month-2-september-martyrs.html

24. PART II THE DEATH OF LOUIS XVI AND THE AGE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY REPUBLIC

25. The Reign of Terror and the “De-Christianization” of France • Old economic problems remained: civil disorder, food shortages, rising prices  lower class were frustrated and began to doubt the principles of the Revolution • Sans-culottes pressured the National Convention to fight dissent  state of public emergency called • Sans-culottes push for to form the Committee of Public Safety to squash all counter-Revolutionary forces

26. The Reign of Terror and the “De-Christianization” of France • Actions of the Committee of Public Safety called the Reign of Terror • Maximilian Robespierre, prime leader of CPS • Reign of Terror harmed people of all classes (rich—pro-royalist Queen Marie Antoinette executed, and lower class people who opposed the National Convention) • Committees and tribunals sent thousands to the guillotine • Violent suppression of rebellions, • Even petty crimes brutally punished • Mob violence by vigilante groups (= taking the law into own hands) carrying on the CPS’s mission followed • Destroying farms, houses, and churches Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), a fanatical disciple of Rousseau, Leader of the Committee of Public Safety

27. The Reign of Terror and the “De-Christianization” of France • Committee launched De-Christianization program Nov 1793 • All talk, practice, and promotion of religion was brutally repressed • Churches closed down • Church buildings vandalized • Gospel books and crucifixes burned; statues and relics of Saints destroyed; church bells and sacred vessels melted down to make artillery • Priests who refused to take oath of loyalty to Revolution and resisted National Convention policies were hunted down and executed within 24 hours • Those who harbored clergy punished • Entire monasteries massacred, some Christian women and children killed to stop spread of Christianity to next generations

29. The Reign of Terror and the “De-Christianization” of France • In the place of the Church… • Cathedral of Notre Dame dedicated as a temple to the Goddess of Reason (!) and renamed “Temple of Reason and Liberty” • Processions with the Goddess of Reason • Tomb of St. Genevieve, patroness of Paris, replaced with a pantheon of France’s great revolutionary men. • The Mass replaced with a civil ceremony celebrating the Goddess of Reason • A new calendar with 10 day weeks eliminating Sunday and all saint days and feast days (for yearly celebrations of reason, liberty, and the republic) The Panthéon in Paris designed by Jacques-Germain Soufflot, 1755-1792. When the building was finished, in the midst of the French Revolution, the Constituent Assembly of the Revolution decided by decree to transform the church into a temple to accommodate the remains of the great men of France.

30. Festival of the Goddess of Reason, Notre Dame Cathedral

31. The Directory • Frequent attacks and executions by Committee angered the working masses • executed Robespierre and others in the CPS executed by National Convention • Another power shift – lower class revolutionary spirit replaced by Bourgeois leadership again; 1793 Constitution pitched; set up new French Republic governed by bourgeoisie-dominated ruling party “The Directory.”

32. The Directory • The French people were divided in their loyalties—some wanting a return to monarchy with some reform, others a return to the days of Robespierre… The Directory had to keep them all in check • The Directory’s persecution of the Church • Hunting parties to track down priests who refused to take the Oath of the Republic • Thousands of priests killed or deported to penal colony in Guiana (NE South America) • Directory refused to appoint new bishops and fill the vacancies in dioceses where Bishops died

33. The Directory • Because more pro-monarchy leaders were elected to legislature, and loss of Bourgeois power, the Directory sought leadership of General Napoleon Bonaparte (so much for ideals of democracy…) • After a couple coup-d’etats, Napoleon eventually set himself up as “First Consul”, leader of France

34. "Pious VI at the Stake." In April and May of 1791, Pope Pius VI issued several papal bulls condemning the Civil Constitution of Clergy (12 July 1790) and the Revolution. In Paris at the Palais Royal in April 1791, the Pope was burned in effigy, which was the likely inspiration for this caricature. From the figure’s mouth come bulls excommunicating bishops and priests who take the oath to the Civil Constitution. An old women representing “religion” falls to her knees lamenting the Pope’s actions. Other bubbles with text criticize the Pope as debauched and greedy and carry the theme that religion is a matter of state and no longer under the control of Rome. Even before the Revolution, the so-called Gallican tradition held the French Church was somewhat independent from Rome and that king had the right to appoint bishops.

35. Pius VII Pope Pius VI • Napoleon launched several military campaigns, including an attacks the Papal States • Napoleon forced the sick and elderly Pope Pius VI to relinquish his lands and arrested him. The sick Pope Pius VI dies in French custody in 1799. • New pope elected in Venice (the place that had the most cardinals, and independent of French control) • Giorgio Barnaba Chiaramonti elected, taking name Pope Pope Pius VII • Sympathized with French masses desiring liberty and equality – but said these ideals could only be found in Christ, with people who possess virtue and faith • Never condemned democracy, but only unjust means to obtain it. • Summary: Papacy is open to political change, but insisted on freedom of Church to achieve its mission Pope Pius VII

36. PART III NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

37. The Concordat of 1801 • Napoleon knew that, in order to have stability in France, he needed to restore religious freedom, restore the Church, and re-establish favorable relations w/ the Pope • Napoleon knew the Catholic Church was deeply rooted in the hearts of the French people • The violent suppression of religion was one reason many people desired a return to the Old Regime

38. The Concordat of 1801 • Under Napoleon, if the priests who refused to take the Oath to the French Republic pronounced their patriotic faithfulness to the laws of France, they were allowed to carry out their priestly ministry again. • N reopened churches and released imprisoned priests • N discarded the 10 day week, re-established nationwide day of rest.

39. The Concordat of 1801 “Signed the 26th of Messidor in Year 9 of the French Republic [15 July 1801]. and ratified the 23rd of Fructidor [10 September 1801]…” • Concordat of 1801: • Guaranteed free and public practice of Catholicism in France • Civil authorities could only intervene in Church matters in instances of “public safety” (sound familiar?) • Church agreed to realignment of French dioceses (reduction of bishops from 160 to 60) • Pope agreed to allow Napoleon to nominate candidates, but Pope gave final approval • All cathedrals and churches reopened • French government agreed to compensate for loss of Church property by providing salaries to the clergy • Dark days of religious suppression over!!! Yeah!!! (right?....)

40. The Organic Articles • Soon after, in the interest of “public safety,” the legislature passed the Organic Articles: • Forbade the publication of all papal documents, decrees of councils, the convocation of synods w/o consent of the government • French Government mandated a new Gallican Catechism be taught in French seminaries • Limited administrative powers of bishops • Promoted civil marriages • Suppressed religious orders • A mixture of old-time French Gallicanism and The Civil Constitution of the Clergy • Obviously, there was still strong anti-Catholic forces in France that needed to be appeased.

41. The Coronation of Napoleon I • Napoleon grew in popularity as he made peace with the pope, Britain, and continental powers • 1802 – Napoleon names himself consul for life (originally, a 10 year term) • 1804 – Napoleon names himself emperor • N introduced Roman architecture, art, and sculpture all over France to create an association between his imperial ambitions and the ancient empire • Despite revolutionary pretenses, N had a lavish court with a lot of pomp • N desired to have a coronation ceremony recalling the great Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne – wanted Pope to crown him Coronation of Charlemagne

42. The Coronation of Napoleon I • If you were Pope Pius VII… what would you do? Would you crown Napoleon emperor?... • But he is persecuting the Church in France… • Could he try to bargain with Napoleon?...

43. The Coronation of Napoleon I • Pius VII thought that by crowning Napoleon he might be able to influence him to give back some freedom to the Church • Pius VII exercised his authority – refused to attend N’s coronation until N married his wife Josephine in a valid Church ceremony – N concedes to the request • At coronation, before Pius VII could crown N, N grabbed the crown and placed it on his head himself! N then crowned his wife empress. Why did N do this?

44. The Coronation of Napoleon I

45. The Coronation of Napoleon I • N wanted to publicly acknowledge that his authority did not come from the pope, but from himself • Only concession N made to Pope: went back to the Gregorian calendar rather than the Revolutionary calendar.

46. Emperor Napoleon vs. Pius VII • N extended his French empire through series of conquests • N enforced his legal code called the “Napoleonic code” • Combination of traditional and revolutionary ideas • Equality among religious denominations and freedom of religious practice • Introduced civil divorce • Heavy restrictions on the Church

48. Emperor Napoleon vs. Pius VII • Napoleon is angered when Pius VII refuses to participate in his political plans • Napoleon wanted Pius VII to annul his brother Jerome’s marriage so that J could remarry for political reasons – Pope refused • Pope also refused to join N’s Continental System • N is angered and threatens the Church • w/ Abolishing priestly celibacy, establishing a French Patriarch to oppose the Pope… • N orders his troops to march on Rome, and seizes huge portions of the Papal States in 1808 and assumes jurisdiction over the Pope, Pope’s authority restricted to Papal palace • Even pays the Pope a salary! • = a rejection of Pope’s claim to temporal power over Papal States

49. Emperor Napoleon vs. Pius VII • Pius VII excommunicates those responsible, including possibly Napoleon himself (bull Quum memoranda) • Napoleon arrests pope, takes him to Savona (France), imprisoned for 6 years • N divorces wife Josephine, and wants to marry Maria Louisa (daughter of Hapsburg emperor) to build an alliance with Austria • N was granted an annulment from marriage to Josephine by the Gallican Church Court of Paris instead of one from Rome. • In protests, 13 cardinals refuse to attend wedding ceremony; N had them arrested, took their property, and forbad them to wear cardinal red (they became known as the “black” cardinals).

50. French Council of 1811 & the Concordat of Fontainbleau • Even in prison, Pope Pius VII continued to issue papal bulls rejecting Napoleon’s policies • In 1811, N calls a national council of French bishops to gain control over church affairs – but bishops support the Pope • Following advice of Pope, the council agreed to allow the archbishop of a province to appoint new bishops in the event of a papal absence lasting more than 6 months • N was outraged!—he wanted the emperor to make appointment in pope’s absence • N closes the council and arrests 3 bishops involved in the decisions