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Computer Systems are Different!

Computer Systems are Different!. 6.033 Spring 2007. Static discipline. Be tolerant of inputs and strict on outputs. Moore’s law. “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics , April 1965. Moore’s Law: # transistors/die doubles every ~18 months.

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Computer Systems are Different!

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  1. Computer Systems are Different! 6.033 Spring 2007

  2. Static discipline • Be tolerant of inputs and strict on outputs

  3. Moore’s law “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics, April 1965

  4. Moore’s Law: # transistors/die doubles every ~18 months

  5. Lithography:the driver behind transistor count • Number of components scales O(n2) with feature size • Switching time scales O(n) with features size • Number of components scale O(n2) with die area

  6. RAM density

  7. CPU performance

  8. Disk: Price per GByte drops at ~30-35% per year

  9. ENIAC • 1st built in 1946 • 80 feet • 20 10-digit registers • 18,000 vacuum tubes • 124,500 watts

  10. Introduced in 1951 46 delivered in all, until 1958 Predicted ’52 election results based on early results (1%) 1,905 ops/sec, at 2.25 Mhz clock 1,000 words of 12 characters No monitor, only typewriter UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

  11. IBM Systems/360 • 1960s • Model 40 • 1.6 Mhz • 32-64 Kilobyte • $225,000

  12. DEC PDP • PDP-8, 1964 • 330,000 adds/s • $16-20K • UNIX introduced on PDP-10

  13. Cray 1: supercomputer • 1976 • Most expensive, fastest, best price/performance ratio • $5-8 Million • 166 Million adds/s • 32 Mbyte

  14. Apple II • 1977 • 6502 microprocessor • 4 to 48 Kilobyte

  15. IBM’s wrist watch • 2001 • Linux and X11 • 19Mhz ARM • 8 Megabyte flash • 8 Megabyte DRAM

  16. Software system complexity Millions of lines of source code

  17. Computing is everywhere! Projected to be 1B in 2005! Millions

  18. Internet hosts (names) with time:~40% per year

  19. Number Crunching Data Storage productivity interactive People-to-computer ratio with time log (people per computer) streaming information to/from physical world year Slide from David Culler, UC Berkeley

  20. Speed of light(0% per year) Latency improves slowly Moore’s law (~70% per year) Improvement wrt year #1 DRAM access latency (~7% per year) Year #

  21. Incommensurate doubling

  22. Fabrication is expensive

  23. Heat is a problem

  24. Cache 70°C Temp (oC) Execution core Integer & FP ALUs 120oC Itanium Temperature Plot [ Source: Intel ]

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