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ADVERBS AND THE AdvP

ADVERBS AND THE AdvP. Lecture #3: 2012-03-07. What have we done so far?. REVIEW. We introduced…. …the most evil POS of them all. ADVERBS!!!. DIGRESSION- academic treatment of ADJs & ADVs .

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ADVERBS AND THE AdvP

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  1. ADVERBS AND THE AdvP Lecture #3: 2012-03-07

  2. What have we done so far? REVIEW

  3. We introduced…

  4. …the most evil POS of them all..

  5. ADVERBS!!!

  6. DIGRESSION- academic treatment of ADJs & ADVs • Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University), whose famous alumni include: Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, Barack Obama, Warren Buffet, OrhanPamuk and and more that 40 Nobel-prize laureates • Course in Academic Writing where students are instructed that: • “Adjectives are the enemy of nouns, and adverbs are the enemy of everything else.”

  7. ADVERBS AS A PART OF SPEECH • An open-class part of speech, typically dynamic in meaning, in the form of: • SIMPLE ADVERBS: just, only, near, well, soon… • COMPOUND ADVERBS: somehow, anywhere… • DERIVATIONAL ADVERBS (derived through suffixation): quickly, sideways, clockwise, northwards… • THE ADVERB PARADIGM has THREE FORMS: positive (fast), comparative (faster) and superlative (fastest).

  8. THE ADVERB PHRASE • THE ADVERB PHRASE IS A PHRASE THAT HAS AN ADVERB AS ITS HEAD. • The AdvP can have the following forms: • AdvP = Adv e.g. carefully • AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. very carefully • AdvP = AdvAdv e.g. carefully enough • AdvP = Adv AdvCl e.g. so fast [that I couldn’t see it] fast [enough] [to escape] • AdvP = (Adv) Adv PP e.g. (much) better [than Bill]

  9. SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF ADVERB PHRASES (pg. 99) ADVERBIAL: He speaks slowly. MODIFIER: extremely slow (AP) very slowly (AdvP) rather a mess (NP) straight through the wall (PP) over ten victims (determiner) COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION: over here till then from inside

  10. INDEPENDENT ADVERB PHRASES = ADVERBIALS ADVERBIALS INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE Primarily NON-LINKING: Provide speaker’s comment Primarily LINKING: connect sentences ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS I sent Ross a personal invitation. He will therefore be there tomorrow. Ross is behavingnaturally. Naturally, Ross is behaving.

  11. CLEFT SENTENCES: test for integration into the structure of the sentence • Ross is behaving naturally. (ADJUNCT) • It is naturally how Ross is behaving. • Naturally, Ross is behaving. (DISJUNCT) • *It is naturallythat Ross is behaving. • ConsequentlyRoss is a good guy. (CONJUNCT) • *It is consequentlythat Ross is a good guy.

  12. In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.

  13. Never in my entire life have I seen such a beauty!

  14. LOCATIVE INVERSION • LOCATIVE INVERSION is mainly limited to: • Adverbials of place • Verbs such as BE, COME, GO, SIT, LIE, STAND • LOCATIVE INVERSION is used to put FOCUS on the subject, which is the most important part of the sentence. ADVERBIAL +VERB +SUBJECT Here comes the taxi! In the town square stands the market hall. Up went the prices.

  15. NEGATIVE INVERSION • To EMPHASIZE A NEGATIVE, we can place it AT THE FRONT OF THE CLAUSE. However, this triggers an obligatory change of word order, i.e. inversion: She at no time mentioned her earlier marriage. →At no time didshe mention her earlier marriage. He hasn’t once offered to help. → Not once hashe offered to help.

  16. NEGATIVE INVERSION 2 special cases • SCARCELY, HARDLY & BARELY vs. NO SOONER Scarcely / hardly + PAST PERFECT, WHEN + SIMPLE PAST Scarcely had I arrived at the station when the train came in. Scarcely had I searched deep inside my soul, when I found her whom my soul truly loveth. Barely had I started speaking when he interrupted me. Hardly had I entered home, when the bell rang. No sooner + PAST PERFECT, THAN + SIMPLE PAST No sooner had I put the phone down than it rang again. No sooner had I left the house than it started raining.

  17. THIS IS WHERE WE STOPPED LAST WEEK SO, LET’S MOVE ON!

  18. NEGATIVE AND LOCATIVE INVERSION

  19. And now …

  20. … let’s finish (off) adverbs and adjectives!

  21. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

  22. Comparison of ADJs & ADVs DEGREE is a grammatical category marked by inflectional morphemes used to specify the extent of a comparison. • Comparison is a grammatical means which makes it possible to express the relative DEGREE of a property when compared in relation to a reference value (BASIS OF COMPARISON) • Comparison of ADJs & ADVs can be analyzed from two different theoretical viewpoints: • Morphological analysis (i.e. the analysis of form) • Semantic analysis (i.e. the analysis of meaning) • Comparison of ADJs and ADVs is semantically restricted: ONLY GRADABLE ADJs AND ADVs CAN BE COMPARED: √faster vs. *deader

  23. COMPARISON OF ADJs & ADVs: morphological analysis • Both the ADJECTIVAL PARADIGM and the ADVERB PARADIGM consist of three forms: • THE POSITIVE (ADJ: e.g. big ;ADV: e.g. well) • THE COMPARATIVE (ADJ: e.g. bigger ;ADV: e.g. better) • THE SUPERLATIVE (ADJ: e.g. biggest ;ADV: e.g. best) • The comparative and superlative forms can be inflected (e.g. bigger) or periphrastic (e.g. more interesting), and the choice between the two is largely determined by the length of the adjective.

  24. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:morphological analysis (1/3) • INFLECTED FORMS: monosyllabic adjectives • big-bigger-biggest • old-older-oldest • but (some exceptions): unhappy-unhappier… • BOTH INFLECTED AND PERIPHRASTIC: disyllabic adjectives ending in: • -y: funny, noisy, wealthy, friendly • -ow: narrow, hollow, shallow • -le: gentle, feeble, noble • -er/ure: clever, nature, obscure • other: common, handsome, polite, quite and wicked.

  25. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:morphological analysis (2/3) • INFLECTED FORMS: changes in spelling • FINAL BASE CONSONANTS are DOUBLED when the PRECEDING VOWEL IS STRESSED AND SPELLED WITH A SINGLE LETTER: • BIG – BIGGER- BIGGEST • IN BASES ENDING IN A CONSONANT + Y THE FINAL Y IS CHANGED TO I: • ANGRY– ANGRIER– ANGRIEST • IN BASES ENDING IN MUTE –E OR -EE E IS DROPPED BEFORE THE INFLECTIONAL SUFFIX: • PURE– PURER (not PUREER)- PUREST (not PUREEST) • FREE– FREER(not FREEER)- FREEST(not FREEEST)

  26. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:morphological analysis (3/3) • PERIPHRASTIC FORMS: trisyllabicor longer adjectives • interesting, more interesting, most interesting • IRREGULAR COMPARISON: good, bad, far, old, late, little, well/ill (health)

  27. IS THIS REALLY TRUE?

  28. “Have you ever been interviewed by somebody more old than me?” JEREMY CLARKSON

  29. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS:morphological analysis • INFLECTED FORMS: monosyllabic adverbs • Isn’t it possible for them to drive faster? • Who jumped highest in last year’s Olympics? • Exceptions: adverbs that are identical in form with adjective FOLLOW THE RULES FOR ADJECTIVES: e.g. early – earlier (NOT more early, although it is disyllabic). • PERIPHRASTIC FORMS: disyllabic and longer adverbs • This book explains things a bit more comprehensively than the other one. • The new hotel is the more elegantly designed building in the city. • IRREGULAR COMPARISON: well, badly, far, little, much

  30. Semantic analysis of comparison THE MEANINGS EXPRESSED THROUGH COMPARISON

  31. Let’s analyze Tom Cruise’s relationships from the point of view of HEIGHT as a gradable property. • Tom Cruise is shorter than Katie Holmes. • Tom Cruise is as tall as Nicole Kidman. • Tom Cruise is taller than Penelope Cruz.

  32. Comparative – for comparison between 2 persons, items etc. Superlative – for comparison between more than 2 persons, items, etc. Basis of comparison – either overt or implied Ana is cleverer/more clever than Jane (is). John is the politest of the students. Comparison of sufficiency: enough, so/such…that She was tall enough to play basketball. To a lower degree: less & least The problem is less difficult than the previous one. COMPARISON OF ADJs & ADVs:semantic analysis Comparison of excess: too, so/such…that She was too short to play basketball. To the same degree: as/so…as John is as old as his girlfriend. Bill doesn’t study as hard as Jane.

  33. STRUCTURES USED TO EXPRESS COMPARISON • Adjective Phrase with complementation: • AP=A+PP John is as tall [PP as Peter]. • AP=A+clause John is as tall [CLAUSE as Peter is]. • Adverb Phrase with complementation: • AdvP=AdvP+PP I can play tennis much better [PP than Joe]. • AdvP=AdvP+cl I play tennis much better [CLAUSE than he ever will]. • Noun Phrases with complementation: • NP=Q+N+PP I have more friends [PP than Bill]. • NP=Q+N+cl I have more friends [CLAUSE than Bill does]. • Comparative clauses are complement clauses of ADJs, ADVs and Ns used for expressing comparison: I love you AdvP [more than you think]. He is not AP [as clever as she is]. She has NP [more friends than you can imagine].

  34. THE END OF AP & AdvP

  35. So, where are we in the course?

  36. CLASS #1: AP CLASS #2: AP/AdvP CLASS #3: AdvP, PP CLASS #4: PP CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS CLASS #7: MIDTERM OVERVIEW AND SIMPLE SENTENCE INTRO MIDTERM TEST CLASS #8: SIMPLE SENTENCE CLASS #9: SIMPLE SENTENCE CLASS #10: COMPLEX SENTENCE CLASS #11: COMPLEX SENTENCE CLASS #12: COMPLEX SENTENCE , WRAP-UP & ORAL EXAM HINTS

  37. And now…

  38. … believe it or not…

  39. … something really new…

  40. Prepositions & The Prepositional Phrase

  41. PREPOSTIONS & PPs v.s. other POSs & XPs Other POSs and XPs: • Mary is playing interesting games. [NP] • Mary is playing games. [NP] Prepositions and PPs: • Mary is playing in the garden. [PP: ADVERBIAL] • *Mary is playing in. [PP]. • The girl inthe garden is playing tennis [PP: complement of NP] • *The girl inis playing tennis. [PP] ENDOCENTRIC PHRASE – THE HEAD DETERMINES THE INTERPRETATION /MEANING OF THE PHRASE (MEANING OF THE HEAD = MEANING OF THE PHRASE) AND THE HEAD OF THE PHRASE DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY COMPLEMENTATION. EXOCENTRIC PHRASE– THE HEAD DOES NOT HAVE THE SAME MEANING AS THE WHOLE PHRASE AND THE HEAD REQUIRES OBLIGATORY COMPLEMENTATION.

  42. SO WHAT ARE PREPOSITIONS REALLY LIKE? PREPOSITIONS ARE LIKE PARASITES: THEY HAVE TO ATTACH TO SOMETHING IN ORDER TO ‘SURVIVE’. PREPOSITIONS ATTACH TO THEIR COMPLEMENTS (NP, ADVP), AS TICKS ATTACH TO CATS.

  43. PREPOSTION-LIKE WORDS – problems with multiple membership PREPOSITION-LIKE WORDs: • We left before the last act. • That happened before he read the report. • I had only seen her once before. NOUNS, VERBS, ADJECTIVES: • We know the last act. • I know he read the report. • I know. Head of VP Head of PP Head of VP CONJUNCTION introducing a clause Head of VP Head of AdvP THE TYPE OF COMPLEMENT DETERMINES THE INTERPRETATION OF THE WORD. THE TYPE OF COMPLEMENT DOES NOT DETERMINE THE INTERPRETATION OF THE WORD.

  44. DIGRESSION: multiple membership WHAT IS THE MOST VERSATILE WORD IN ENGLISH?

  45. A word or two about LIKE:

  46. LIKE – parts of speech • LIKE can be a NOUN: • We all have our own likes and dislikes when it comes to food. • Soldiers, policemen, and the like were all called in to help with the emergency. • LIKE can be a PREPOSITION: • Her hair is dark brown like mine. • What's their house like inside? • LIKE can be a VERB: • I like your jacket.

  47. LIKE – parts of speech • LIKE can be an ADVERB: • The water was, like, really cold. • I asked Dave if he wanted to go, and he's like, no way! • LIKE can be a CONJUNCTION: • No one else can score goals like he can! • Don't talk to me like you talk to a child. • LIKE can be an ADJECTIVE: • The second dispute was sorted out in a like manner. • They get on well together because they are of like mind. • Try to buy two fish of like size.

  48. END OF DIGRESSION:BACK TO PREPOSITIONS

  49. CHARACTERISTICS OF PREPOSITIONS • STATUS: Prepositions are a CLOSED CLASS OF ELEMENTS • FUNCTION: to connecttwo units in a sentence and specify a relationship between them • FORM: simple and complex • SIMPLE: consist of ONE WORD: at, in, on, with… • COMPLEX: consist of TWO OR MORE WORDS: into, out of, in front of, on top of, in terms of, as a result of, owing to, due to, devoid of… • Prepositions are heads of PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES(i.e. a prepositional phrase is phrase which has a preposition as its head)

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