Chapter 15

1. Chapter 15 Nervous System and Psychological Disorders

2. Lesson 15.1 State the function of the nervous system and analyze associated terms. Write the meaning of word parts associated with the nervous system and use them to build and analyze terms. Distinguish between the structures of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system and define the terms associated with these structures. Write the names of the five sense organs and define the terms associated with these structures.

3. Function First! The Nervous System is the control center and communications network; stimulates movement, senses changes both within and outside the body; provides us with thought, learning, and memory; maintains homeostasis with the help of the hormonal system; and has sensory, integrative, and motor components.

4. Organization of the Nervous System central nervous system (CNS) = brain + spinal cord peripheral nervous system (PNS) = nerves that connect the CNS to receptors, glands, and muscles types of cells = neurons + neuroglia

7. Word Parts: Neurons dendr(o) tree nerv(o), neur(o) nerve gli(o) neuroglia or a sticky substance

8. Neurotransmitters acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase) dopamine serotonin endorphins

9. Deep Tendon Reflex

10. Protection: Central Nervous System brain: cranium spinal cord: vertebrae both: meninges (meninx) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

11. Meninges

12. Brain and Upper Spinal Cord, Sagittal Section

13. Cerebral Hemispheres

15. Word Parts: Structures cerebell(o) cerebellum cerebr(o), encephal(o) brain (cerebr(o) sometimes means cerebrum) myel(o) spinal cord (sometimes, bone marrow) mening(i), mening(o) meninges arachn(o) spider or arachnoid membrane

16. Peripheral Nervous System afferent (sensory) efferent (motor) sense organs receptors = sensory nerve endings

17. Peripheral Nervous System (cont.)

18. Word Parts: Receptors chem(o) chemical mechan(o) mechanical phot(o) light therm(o) heat noc(i) cause harm, injury, or pain

19. Taste Receptors From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Anatomy & physiology, ed 6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.s

20. Word Parts and Terminology: Eye ocul(o), ophthalm(o) ocular, ophthalmic intraocular, interocular, extraocular

21. Structures of the Eye

23. Word Parts: Eye (cont.) ir(o), irid(o) iris kerat(o) cornea; hard, horny dacry(o), lacrim(o) tear opt(o), optic(o) vision

24. From Palay DA, Krachmer JH, editors: Ophthalmology for the primary care physician, ed 2, St Louis, 2005, Mosby.

25. Structures of the Inner Ear

26. Word Parts: Ear audi(o) hearing audible audiology audiologist ot(o) ear otoscopy otolaryngologist

27. Terminology: Sense of Smell olfaction, olfactory anosmia, hyperosmia

28. Quick Quiz! Which part of the nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord? peripheral nervous system autonomic nervous system cardiac nervous system central nervous system

29. Lesson 15.2 Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures for assessment of the nervous system when given their descriptions, or match the procedures with the descriptions. Write the names of nervous system pathologies when given their descriptions, or match the pathologies with their descriptions. Write the names of eye and ear pathologies when given their descriptions, or match the pathologies with their descriptions. Write the names of psychological disorders when given their descriptions, or match the disorders with their descriptions.

30. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures deep tendon reflex (DTR) superficial reflex CSF analysis lumbar puncture From Lewis SM, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, O’Brien PG, Bucher L: Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 7, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.

31. Electroencephalography From Lewis S, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR: Medical-surgical nursing, assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 6, St Louis, 2004, Mosby.

32. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures (cont.) plain x-ray imaging, CT, MRI echoencephalography positron emission tomography (PET) encephalography myelography brain scan

33. Cerebral Angiography From Polaski AL, Tatro SE: Luckmann’s core principles and practice of medical-surgical nursing, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders.

34. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures (cont.) ophthalmoscopy, ophthalmoscope, ophthalmometer otoscopy audiometer, audiogram sleep studies

35. Pathologies dyslexia algesia, hyperalgesia, hypoalgesia paresthesia, pseudesthesia

36. Pathology Word Parts pseud(o) false -asthenia weakness -esthesia sensitivity to pain -lexia words, phrases

37. Pathologies (cont.) neuralgia, polyneuralgia polyneuropathy, polyneuritis sciatica, peripheral neuropathy carpoptosis cephalalgia, cephalgia

39. Pathologies (cont.): Trauma craniocerebral trauma concussion, contusion aphasia, dysphasia, dysarthria semiconscious, stupor, coma, semicoma

40. Glasgow Coma Scale Eyes open 1-4 1 is no opening 4 is eyes open spontaneously Best verbal response 1-5 1 is no response 5 is oriented to time, place and person Best motor response 1-6 1 = no response 6 = obeys a command

43. Types of Stroke

44. QuickQuiz! Which term means difficult, poorly articulated speech? dyslexia aphasia dysarthria carpoptosis

45. Pathologies (cont.): Paralysis hemiplegia, diplegia, paraplegia quadriplegia, monoplegia Bell palsy

46. Pathologies (cont.): Congenital Disorders meningocele, meningomyelocele cerebral palsy Huntington chorea anotia From Zitelli BJ, Davis HW: Atlas of pediatric physical diagnosis, ed 3, St Louis, 1997, Mosby.

47. Pathologies (cont.): Infections meningitis, encephalitis encephalomeningitis, encephalomyelitis cerebellitis ventriculitis

48. Pathologies: Infections (cont.) tetanus botulism poliomyelitis rabies (hydrophobia)

49. Pathologies (cont.) tumors: glioma, meningioma intracranial hydrocephalus neuroma From Osborn AG: Diagnostic neuroradiology, St Louis, 1994, Mosby.

50. Pathologies (cont.): Seizures convulsions epilepsy narcolepsy