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Integration of Metabolism

Integration of Metabolism. Metabolic Regulation in the Fed State. Insulin regulation. Glucagon regulation. Insulin stimulation: Glucose, amino acids (arg), and GI hormones (secretin). Insulin repression: Epinephrine (stress, i.e ., fever or infection).

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Integration of Metabolism

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  1. Integration of Metabolism

  2. Metabolic Regulation in the Fed State Insulin regulation Glucagon regulation Insulin stimulation: Glucose, amino acids (arg), and GI hormones (secretin) Insulin repression: Epinephrine (stress, i.e., fever or infection)

  3. Biological Effects of Insulin and Glucagon GLUCAGON INSULIN Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis Protein synthesis Fat synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycogen mobilization Lipid mobilization Protein degradation Altered gene expression Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis Protein synthesis Fat synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycogen mobilization Ketogenesis Protein degradation Uptake of amino acids

  4. Effect of Insulin on Glucose Transport GLUT4 (insulin-responsive glucose transporter) upregulation at the plasma membrane

  5. Energy Reserves During Fasting Only ca. 30% of body protein is available for energy production

  6. Ketone Bodies are an Alternate Energy Source During Fasting Favored during fatty acid catabolism due to high NADH/NAD+ ratio Short-term fast: Fatty acids are source of ketone bodies Long-term fast: Amino acids are source of ketone bodies slow

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