Unit 5

1. Unit 5 Adolescence, adulthood and family life, relationships, reproduction, risks of teen sexual activity and std, hiv/aids

2. Chapter 16 Adolescence and Adulthood

3. Changes During Adolescence • Physical Changes • Adolescence is the time between puberty and full maturation. • Puberty is the period of human development during which people become able to reproduce. • Hormones are chemical substances made and released in one part of the body that cause a change in another part of the body. • The main male hormone, testosterone, and the main female hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are released at the start of puberty.

5. Changes During Adolescence • Mental and Emotional Changes • A New Way of Thinking : As adolescence progresses, teens are able to think in a more complex way. They can foresee consequences, make more logical decisions, and view situations from other points of view. • A New Way of Feeling: New feelings that arise during adolescence may cause teens to feel alone, insecure, and confused.

6. Changes During Adolescence • Social Changes • As teens grow older, their parents and others expect more of them. • Relationships with friends change and become more important during adolescence. • You can take more responsibility at home, in friendships, and in other parts of life by: • showing concern for how people are doing • listening to others • encouraging others • getting a job

7. Adulthood • Young Adulthood • Young adulthood is considered to be the period between ages 21 and 35. • During young adulthood, physical changes slow down and many people enter a period of peak health. • Young adults begin to get a clearer sense of their identity. They begin to relate to their parents on a more adult level. • Young adults learn to value commitment in relationships. They may choose to marry and have a family. • Young adults become financially independent. This can be scary but also fulfilling. • Accidents and injuries are the greatest immediate health risks for most young adults. • Young adults should develop healthy lifestyles to prevent health problems later in life.

8. Adulthood • Middle Adulthood • Middle adulthood is considered to be the period between ages 35 and 65. • Physically, muscle tone and strength may diminish during middle adulthood, but they can be maintained with regular exercise. • Menopause is the period of time when a woman stops ovulating and menstruating. This typically happens between 50 and 55. • Middle-aged adults begin to accept mortality as they see friends and loved ones die. • A midlife crisis is the sense of uncertainty about one’s identity that some people experience in midlife. Middle-aged adults may get through this crisis by accepting their maturation. • Middle-aged adults may have a strong sense of identity and be leaders at work and in their families. • Increased responsibilities can sometimes cause stress in middle-aged adults. If they don’t learn to cope with this stress, it can lead to health problems. • Middle-aged adults must watch their diets and exercise to avoid health risks such as cancer and heart disease. Regular doctor visits are important for preventing and treating health problems.

9. Adulthood • Older Adulthood • People over 65 may find that they do not recover from illness as quickly as when they were younger. • Older adults are generally more emotionally stable than when younger, but they may also struggle with depression, anxiety, and loneliness. • Older adults may find that their social and financial lives change significantly after they retire. • Alzheimer’s disease is a disease in which one gradually loses mental capacity and the ability to carry out daily activities.

10. Adulthood • Healthy Aging • Establishing regular exercise can help you live longer and improve quality of life. • Not smoking reduces the risks of heart disease, cancer, and other diseases. • Not drinking alcohol reduces the risk of death be car accidents, alcoholism, and liver disease. • Maintaining a healthy weight helps prevent diabetes later in life. • Lowering salt intake and eating the right number of Calories for your weight are also important.

11. Chapter 17 Marriage, Parenthood, and Families

12. Marriage • Healthy Marriages: Working Together • A marriage is a lifelong union between a husband and a wife, who develop an intimate relationship. • A healthy marriage requires that both partners work together to meet each others’ needs. • A healthy marriage also requires: • Love • Commitment • Compromise • Emotional intimacy

13. Marriage • Engagement: Developing Your Relationships • Emotional maturity is the ability to assess a relationship or situation and to act according to what is best. This is important in the engagement period. • During the engagement, couples should discuss: • What are our values and beliefs? • Should we have children? • How will we handle conflict in the family? • Should we both work outside the home? • Where should we live? • What are our economic expectations?

14. Marriage • Teen Marriages • The stresses of teen marriage include: • independence from parents and family • financial worries • changes in relationships with close friends • possibly delaying education • interaction with in-laws • concern for a spouse’s emotional and physical well-being • possible parenthood

15. Marriage Divorce and Remarriage • A divorce is a legal end to a marriage. • Reasons for divorce include: • abuse or addiction • emotional immaturity • unfaithfulness • communication problems • unfulfilled expectations • different financial habits and goals • When parents get divorced or remarry, teens often face difficult changes and emotions • When coping with divorce or remarriage, keep in mind: • Your parents are doing their best to deal with a difficult time. • Don’t take anger out on others. • Deal with your feelings constructively. • Don’t blame yourself.

16. Parenthood • Responsibilities of Parents • During pregnancy, mothers and fathers must avoid drinking, smoking, and taking drugs. These can have serious effects on a developing baby. • Parents must spend lots of time with their children and make sure their emotional needs are met. • Parents must make sure their children are safe. • Parents must have or earn enough money to make sure their children’s basic needs are met. • Discipline is the act of teaching a child through correction, direction, rules, and reinforcement. Proper discipline is important for a child’s maturation. • As children become teens, parents must adapt to the changes, be supportive, and allow the relationship to grow.

17. Parenthood • Effects of Parental Behavior • Children are highly attentive to their parents’ behaviors. The way parents behave shapes the way a child feels about himself or herself and shapes the way he or she interacts with the world. • Parental behaviors that build self-esteem include: • giving children time, attention, and physical intimacy • establishing clear rules and limits • listening and communicating with children • praising positive behaviors and good choices

18. Families • Family Relationships Are Important • Family relationships influence our emotions and help shape our character, positively or negatively. • Family relationships teach us how to love and be loved. • Because families are important, it makes sense to invest time and energy in your family relationships. • Types of Families • A nuclear family is a mother, a father, and one or more biological or adopted children living together. • A blended family is the biological mother or father, a step-parent, and the children of one or both parents.

19. Families • Types of Families • A single-parent family is a single father or single mother and his or her children. • Extended families are the people outside the nuclear family but related to it. • A foster family is a person or couple not related to the children that cares for the children temporarily. • Characteristics of Healthy Families • Effective communication • Respect • Commitment • Love

20. Coping with Family Problems • All families have problems sometimes. These problems can arise from stresses inside or outside the family. • More serious family problems may involve abuse. • Sometimes seeking support outside the immediate family can help you cope with family problems. • Family counseling involves counseling discussions that are led by a third party to resolve family problems.

21. Chapter 19 Building Responsible Relationships

22. Responsible Relationships • Teen Relationships Are Important • Developing relationships with others of your age is an important part of forming your identity. • Dating provides friendship, companionship, and support, and allows you to explore characteristics you might want in a future spouse/partner • Engaging in sexual activity poses risks to your emotional and physical health. Refraining from sexual activity helps create and sustain a healthy relationship. • Mutual respect is of key importance in dating.

23. Responsible Relationships Finding the Right Person A good friend or dating partner: • is unselfish • treats others well • is tolerant and respectful • has morals and values similar to yours • is fun to be with • respects himself or herself • You should also try to be the kind of person that you and others respect.

24. Responsible Relationships • When choosing a friend or a dating partner, you should try to avoid people who: • are selfish • are abusive • are inconsiderate • are jealous • hurt you physically or emotionally • don’t respect your morals and values • make you feel badly about yourself

25. Responsible Relationships • Appropriate Dating Behavior • Dating in groups allows you to get to know each other without the pressures of being alone. • Treat the other person the way you want to be treated. Be on time, courteous, respectful. • Follow the rules your parents and your date’s parents have for your dating. • If you are upset while recovering from a breakup, try to focus your emotional energy on finding ways to be happy again. Stay in touch with your friends and do things you enjoy doing.

26. Benefits of Abstinence • What Is Abstinence? • Teen relationships should focus on emotional intimacy, not sexual intimacy. • Abstinence is the conscious decision not to participate in sexual activity and the skills to support that decision. • A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is an infectious disease that is spread by sexual contact. • Avoiding the risk of STDs is just one of the many benefits of abstinence.

27. Benefits of Abstinence

28. Coping with Pressures • Pressures to Be Sexually Active • Internal pressure is an impulse a person feels to engage in a behavior. • External pressure is pressure a person feels from another person or from a group to engage in a behavior.

29. Coping with Pressures • Setting Personal Limits • Setting personal limits can help you stay true to your commitment to be abstinent. • When setting personal limits, you can commit not only to being abstinent but also to avoiding situations that could lead to sexual activity. • Tell your partner when you begin dating that you have made a commitment to remain sexually abstinent. • Avoiding Pressure Situations • Identify situations that could lead to sexual activity. • Avoid drinking alcohol or taking illegal drugs. • Look for dating partners who share your values about abstinence.

30. Coping with Pressures • Refusing Verbally and Nonverbally • To get out of a pressure situation: • Clearly identify the problem. • State your thoughts and feelings. • Say what you would like to happen instead. • Explain the results if the change in plans is made. • Explain the results if the change is not made • Match what you say with your body language. • If your date keeps pressuring you, stop dating that person.

31. Coping with Pressures

32. Coping with Pressures • Protective Factors and Risk Factors • A protective factor is anything that decreases the likelihood of someone engaging in a risky behavior. • Protective factors for sexual activity include a good relationship with parents, being involved in school and the community, and having a commitment to abstinence. • Risk factors for sexual activity include alcohol and drugs, dating older people, and sexually active friends.

33. Saying No • Building Self Esteem • A healthy self-esteem helps you resist pressure to do things you know are unhealthy. • The next slide reminds you of ways to build your self-esteem. • Practicing your refusal skills makes it easier to remain abstinent.

34. Chapter 18 Reproduction, Pregnancy, and Development

35. Male Reproductive System • The male reproductive system works to produce sperm and deliver it to the female reproductive system. • Sperm are sex cells that are produced by the testes and are needed to fertilize an egg. • Eggs or ova are sex cells produced by the female reproductive organs, called ovaries. • Fertilization is the process by which a sperm and an egg and their genetic material join to create a new human life.

36. Male Reproductive System • The testes (testicles) are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone. • Testosterone is the major male sex hormone. It regulates body changes during puberty and influences sperm production. • The scrotum is a sac containing the testes. Muscles in the scrotum move the testes closer to or further from the body to regulate temperature.

37. Male Reproductive System • The penis is the male reproductive organ that removes urine from the body and can deliver sperm to the female reproductive system. • Urine or sperm passes through the penis in the urethra. • Sperm from the testes travel through the epididymis and the vas deferens. In the vas deferens, sperm mixed with fluids to make semen.

38. Male Reproductive System • Keeping the Male Reproductive System Healthy • Know the symptoms of testicular cancer. Look for unusual lumps, swelling, or a feeling of heaviness, pain or discomfort in your scrotum or abdomen. • If you notice any of these symptoms, tell your parents and see a doctor right away.

39. Female Reproductive System • The function of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs and to provide a place to support and nourish a developing human. • Ovaries are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. • A female is born with approximately 1 million to 2 million eggs.

40. Female Reproductive System • Estrogen regulates body changes during puberty. • Both estrogen and progesterone are involved in regulating monthly cycles and in the changes that take place in the body during pregnancy. • The vagina is the female reproductive organ that connects the outside of the body to the uterus and receives sperm during reproduction. It is also part of the birth canal through which a baby is delivered. • The urethra carries urine out of the body from the bladder. It is above and separate from the vagina.

41. Female Reproductive System • The uterus is the female reproductive organ that provides a place to support a developing human. • Eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus through the fallopian tubes.

42. Female Reproductive System • How the Menstrual Cycle Works • Prior to ovulation (the release of an egg), the lining of the uterus thickens to prepare to support a growing human during pregnancy. • Menstruation is the breakdown and discharge of the uterine lining out of the vagina. This occurs if a released egg is not fertilized. Menstruation lasts on average 3 to 7 days. • The average menstrual cycle lasts 28 days. Ovulation usually occurs on the 14th day. However, this length can vary.

43. Keeping the Female Reproductive System Healthy • Know the signs of breast cancer. Be aware of any unusual lumps in your breasts. • If you detect any lumps, tell your parents and see a doctor right away.

44. Pregnancy and Early Development • How Life Begins • Sexual intercourse is the reproductive process in which the penis is inserted into the vagina and through which a new human life may begin. • From the vagina, sperm travel through the uterus and into the fallopian tubes, where fertilization normally occurs. • After fertilization, the zygote travels to the uterus and embeds in the uterine wall. • The developing human in the first 8 weeks of development is called an embryo.

45. Pregnancy and Early Development • How a Baby Develops • The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus. The placenta provide a developing baby with nutrients and removes waste. The umbilical cord connects the embryo to the placenta. • In the first trimester (first 3 months) the embryo grows rapidly. By week 4, the heart starts beating, arm and leg buds appear, and the eyes and brain start to develop. • By the end of the first trimester, all the major body parts and organs have formed.

46. Pregnancy and Early Development • Beyond the first trimester, the developing baby is called a fetus. • In the second trimester, the organs continue to develop. By 4 months, the mother can feel the fetus move or kick. • By the end of the second trimester, facial features are apparent, and you can tell if the fetus is male or female. • In the third trimester, the fetus gains most of its weight. At the end of 9 months, the baby is born.

47. Pregnancy and Early Development • Keeping Healthy Before and During Pregnancy • Some ways to stay healthy before and during pregnancy include: • Avoid alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, and other drugs. • Maintain a nutritious diet. • Take prenatal vitamins prescribed by a doctor. • Get regular, moderate amounts of exercise. • Have medical conditions evaluated by a doctor. • Schedule prenatal care visits throughout the pregnancy.

48. Pregnancy and Early Development • Early Child Development • The first year is the fastest period of physical growth after birth. By the end of one year, most babies begin walking and talking. • In the second and third years, babies become more socially independent, may have temper tantrums, and become toilet trained. • By age 5 or 6, children are ready to begin school. • The late childhood years, from 6 to 12, involve dramatic intellectual, psychological, and social development.

49. Chapter 20 Risks of Adolescent Sexual Activity

50. What Are the Risks • Possible consequences of teen sexual activity include: • loss of self-esteem • unplanned pregnancy • sexually transmitted diseases • Abstinence is the only sure way to eliminate the risks of teen sexual activity.