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Bovine Mastitis

Bovine Mastitis. Sukolrat Boonyayatra DVM, MS Clinic for Ruminants. What ’ s mastitis ?. Inflammation of one or more quarters of the udder. Mammae = breast -itis = Latin suffix for inflammation. Normal. Inflamed. Swelling pain warm redness. Causes.

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Bovine Mastitis

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  1. Bovine Mastitis Sukolrat Boonyayatra DVM, MS Clinic for Ruminants

  2. What’s mastitis ? Inflammation of one or more quarters of the udder Mammae = breast -itis = Latin suffix for inflammation Normal Inflamed Swelling pain warm redness

  3. Causes • Intramammary Infection (IMI): • Bacterial infection • Mycoplasmal infection • Mycotic (fungal) infection • Algal infection • Mechanical trauma Predisposes • Thermal trauma the gland to IMI • Chemical insult

  4. Economic Losses • Mastitis accounted for 26% of the total cost of all dairy cattle diseases. • Losses from mastitis were twice as high as losses from infertility and reproductive diseases. • Sources of loss • Reduced milk production • Discarded milk • Early cow replacement costs • Reduced cow sale value • Drugs • Veterinary services • labor

  5. Determinants of Mastitis

  6. Timing of infection and stage of lactation • Active involution • High Pressure in the gland • Bacteria inside the gland • Teat dipping ceases. • Phagocytic efficiency • Increasing of immunoglobulins and lactoferrin cannot override the problems noted above. • Dry cow treatment can not reduce coliform IMI during active involution. • Reducing the period of active involution by infusing colchicine (disrupts milk secretion mechanisms) decreases IMI during the active involution phase.

  7. Timing of infection and stage of lactation • Peripartum period • Fluid volume in the gland increases • Citrate concentration rises and lactoferrin is low • Phagocytic cells efficiency • High immunoglobulin concentrations in the gland at this time are not effective in preventing new IMI. • IgG1 is not normally an effective opsonin in the mammary gland. • Antibiotic concentration • Teat dipping

  8. Timing of infection and stage of lactation • Early lactation • Metabolically stressed • Mastitis is sometimes associated with high concentrate feeding which accompanies early lactation.

  9. Nutrition and Mastitis

  10. Inflammation of Mammary gland • 1. Multiplication of bacteria in mammary gland • 2. Vasodilation • 3.Increased vascular permeability • 4. Swelling • 5. Diapedesis • 6. Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria • 7. Tissue repair

  11. Development of mastitis and the cow’s defense against the infection  

  12. The major routes of bacterial transmission  

  13. Mastitis Clinical Syndromes • Categorized based on Severity of Immune Response • Peracute Mastitis: sudden onset, severe inflammation of the udder, and serous milk-Systemic illness often precedes the symptoms manifested in the milk and mammary gland. • Acute Mastitis: sudden onset, moderate to severe inflammation of the udder, decreased production, and occurrence of serous milk/fibrin clots, Systemic signs are similar but less severe than for the peracute form.

  14. Mastitis Clinical Syndromes • Subacute Mastitis: mild inflammation, no visible changes in udder, but there generally are small flakes or clots in the milk, and the milk may have an off-color. There are no systemic signs of illness. • Chronic Mastitis: Chronic mastitis may persist in a subclinical form for months or years with occasional clinical flare-ups. Treatment usually involves treating the clinical flare-ups, or culling the cow from the herd.

  15. Mastitis Clinical Syndromes • Subclinical Mastitis: the most common form of mastitis, 15x40 X more common than clinical mastitis, no gross inflammation of the udder and no gross changes in the milk, decreased production and decreased milk quality • Elevated Somatic Cell Count

  16. Abnormal Milk

  17. Abnormal Udder

  18. Somatic Cell Count • ~98-99% White Blood Cell + 1-2% Epithelial cells from milk-secreting tissue • Cow’s natural defense mechanism • Normal or uninfected cow: 50,000-200,000 cells/ml • >200,000 cells/ml: the likelihood of infection increase • Prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Chiang Mai may be exceed 80%. • 1 clinical mastitis : 15-40 subclinical mastitis

  19. Effects on Milk Quality • Subclinical mastitis results in INCREASES in undesirable milk components and DECREASES in the desirable components. • Pasteurized milk that is processed from raw milk with a somatic cell count below 250,000 has a significantly longer shelf-life than products made from milk with a somatic cell count above 500,000.

  20. Lactose (good) Total proteins (good) Casein (good) Immunoglobulins (bad) Solids not fat (good) Total solids (good) Fat (good) Lipase (bad) Sodium (bad) Chloride (bad) Calcium (good) Phosphorus (good) Potassium (good) Trace minerals (bad) Cheese (good) Heat stability (good) Decreased 5 to 20% Decreased slightly Decreased 6-18% Increased Decreased up to 8% Decreased 3 t0 12% Decreased 5 to 12% Increased rancidity Increased Increased Decreased Decreased Decreased Slight increase Decreased curd strength, fat and yield Reduced

  21. What are the health concerns of mastitis ? Animal health • Loss of functional quarter • Lowered milk production • Death of cow • Human health • Poor quality milk • antibiotic residues in milk

  22. Subclinical Mastitis ~ 90 -95% of all mastitis cases Udder appears normal Milk appears normal Elevated SCC (score 3-5) Lowered milk output (~ 10%) Longer duration Clinical Mastitis ~ 5 - 10% of all mastitis cases Inflamed udder Clumps and clots in milk Acute type major type of clinical mastitis bad milk loss of appetite depression prompt attention needed Chronic type bad milk cow appears healthy How severe can mastitis be ?

  23. What causes mastitis ? • Bacteria ( ~ 70%) • Yeasts and molds ( ~ 2%) • Unknown ( ~ 28%) • physical • trauma • weather extremes

  24. Where do these organisms come from ? • Infected udder • Environment • bedding • soil • water • manure • Replacement animals

  25. How does mastitis develop ? • Cow • Predisposing conditions • Existing trauma (milking machine, heat or cold, injury) • Teat end injury • Lowered immunity (following calving, surgery) • Nutrition • Organisms • Environment

  26. Process of infection Organisms invade the udder through teat canal Migrate up the teat canal and colonize the secretory cells Colonized organisms produce toxic substances harmful to the milk producing cells

  27. The cow’s immune system send white blood cells (Somatic cells) to fight the organisms subclinical clinical recovery

  28. Organisms • Contagious microorganisms • Staphylococcus aureus • Streptococcus agalactiae • Mycoplasma bovis • Corynebacterium bovis • Environmental microorganisms • Environmental streptococci • Coliform • Opportunistic microorganisms • Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) • Others • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Actinomyces pyogenes • Nocardia Species

  29. Environmental S. uberis S. dysgalactiae S. equinus More subclinical mastitis Environment Predominant early and late lactation Contagious S. agalactiae Clinical mastitis Resides in the milk and on the surface of the milk channel Cannot invade the tissue Accumulate Neutrophils Ducts and acinar epithelium damage Inter-alveolar tissue fibrosis loss of secretory function Treated easily with penicillin Bacterial Infection: Streptococci

  30. Staph aureus Gangrenous mastitis: alpha toxin Spread by milking equipment and milker’s hands Fibrous tissue replacement low production Poor response to ABO Dry cow therapy Persistent, difficult to eliminate Other staph Found normally on skin Lowers milk yield Elevated SCC Easily responds to antibiotics Relapse frequently seen Bacterial Infection: Staphylococci

  31. Fig. 1. Mammary parenchyma from which coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was isolated, showing the presence of mononuclear cells. HE. 660   

  32. Fig. 2. Mammary parenchyma from which coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was isolated, showing the presence of neutrophils within the alveolar lumen. HE. 660   .

  33. Fig. 3. Mammary parenchyma from which Prototheca sp. was isolated, showing the micro-organisms within the alveolar lumen. HE. 660   .

  34. The cocci in the lesions of the mammary glands show a positive reaction to antibody against Staph.aureus (ABC X 200)

  35. The bacteria were round or oval • in shape, showing a thick cell wall, • characteristic of gram-positive bacteria • (TEM. X 40,000) • b. Fibrous material (arrows) stained by • ruthenium-red, around the bacterial • cell wall, which forms a capsule • (TEM.X 250,000)

  36. Severe necrosis of interlobular and intralobular ductsThe lesions affected the intralobular duct, intralobular duts and alveoli (Azan x 30).

  37. Bacterial clumps(arrows) surrounded by alveolar epithelial cells undergoing necrosisThrombus(*)is seen in the blood vessel(He x 100).

  38. Bacterial Infection: Coliforms • Groups of organisms • E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter • Environmental source (manure, bedding, barns, floors and cows) • Coliforms cause acute clinical mastitis • Multiply rapidly with low SCC • Endotoxin releasing • High temp, and inflamed quarter • Watery milk with clots and pus • Toxemia • The udder can be gradually return to normal without fibrosis

  39. Bacterial Infection: Other organisms • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Out breaks of clinical mastitis or subclinical mastitis • Similar pathogenesis to coliform mastitis • Severe endotoxaemia can occur. • Serratia • Out breaks of clinical mastitis • Summer mastitis • Most common in Europe • Actinomyces pyogenes + Peptostreptococcus indolicus • Non-lactating heifers and cows at pasture in the summer months and more common during wet weather • Fly borne ?? • Severe systemic reaction and Loss function • Abcess develop

  40. Bacterial Infection: Other organisms • Mycoplasma mastitis • Clinically severe mastitis • Rarely systemic involvement • All ages & all stages of lactation • Post calved cows show more severe signs. • Long-term persistence in udder (up to 13 mths) • Some cows can shed the organism without clinical signs. • Normal secretion in the early stage of infection • Flaky material settles out leaving a turbid • Whey-like supernatant fluid • Very high SCC

  41. Physical examination Signs of inflammation Empty udder Differences in firmness Unbalanced quarters Cowside tests California Mastitis test Cultured Analysis The most reliable and accurate method How is mastitis diagnosed ?

  42. Treatment • Clinical mastitis • Strip quarter every 2 hours • Oxytocin valuable • high temp, give NSAIDs • Seek veterinary assistance • Treatment with penicillins • Subclinical mastitis • Questionable

  43. กล้ามเนื้อหูรูด รูหัวนม

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