CEBAF

1. ASIC Needs in Nuclear Science RHIC T. Ludlam Brookhaven National Lab Hall D CEBAF c A B

2. Major U.S. Nuclear Physics Facilities • RHIC High Energy Colliding Beams • 255 GeV polarized proton beams • 100 GeV/n nuclear beams: d, Cu, Au, U pp equiv. L = 2x1032 cm-2 sec-1 10 MHz beam crossing rate Principal experiments: PHENIX, STAR Physics Time Frame: now ~2020 • CEBAF (JLab) 12 GeV upgrade construction in progress • CW, polarized electron beam • Large acceptance, high-rate spectrometers Physics Time Frame: beginning ~2017 CLAS12 (Hall B) 11 GeV electrons, L = 1035 cm-2 sec-1 GLUEX (Hall D) 8.5-9 GeV tagged photons, 108 sec-1 • Electron Ion Collider Machine designs at BNL (eRHIC) and JLab (ELIC) • Electron beams 5-10 GeV Proton beams to 250 GeV Nuclear beams to 100 GeV/n • Luminosity ~1033-34 cm-2 sec-1 • Detector designs in very early stage Physics Time Frame: beginning mid-2020s

3. PHENIX at RHIC: among the pioneers in using ASICs

4. Two Generations of PHENIX ASICs First (2001-2011) and second (2011-present) generation of electronics for selective triggers in p+p and recording large fraction of minimum bias events in A+A collisions. • Front end analog or digital pipelines (live on every 106 ns crossing) • Buffering of 4 full events in front end • Gigabit/s optical transmission of data to zero suppress engines (first generation DSP, second generation FPGA) • Selective triggers designed in FPGA Initial PHENIX construction had 8 ASIC applications EMCAL, RICH, Muon Tracker CSC’s sample on every crossing in AMU • Level 1 accept starts 12 bit digitization using Oak Ridge designed AMUADC-32 ASIC • 64 cell analog memory live on every crossing • Custom preamp ASIC’s in front of AMUADC provide TAC and trigger capabilities • Pad Chamber used preamp developed at Oak Ridge (TGLD) and DMU developed at Lund • Thin (0.2X0) 48 channel ROC behind chambers with noise ~900e- • Many other detector systems and electronics described in RHIC NIM papers

5. Second Generation PHENIX Electronics Two major new silicon vertex trackers • Barrel detector: • 2 inner layers of Si pixels • 2 layers of strip-pixel detectors read out with Fermilab’s SVX4 ASIC • Four-plane endcaps: • Read out with Fermilab FPHX ASIC (modified) • Barrel pixel readout: • Based on ALICE ITS design • 50x425 m pixels • CERN ASIC designs

6. Future PHENIX: sPHENIX A major upgrade is proposed to replace the central region of the PHENIX detector with a superconducting solenoid and compact barrel electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, read out with SiPMs (MPPCs) The present plan calls for off-the-shelf 60-80 MHz FADC for ~30,000 channels. But ASICs may be needed, matched to the SiPM design.

7. STAR at RHIC: ASICs in Upgrades MRPC Time of Flight Barrel Forward GEM Tracker TPC: tracking and dE/dx Heavy Flavor Tracker: MAPS pixels + Si strip layers

8. ASICs in STAR Upgrades DAQ1000Upgraded STAR TPC electronics (135,000 channels) and DAQ chain to increase event rate limit from ~100Hz (100% dead time) to 1KHz with 1% dead time. Utilized CERN ASIC chips developed for ALICE: “PASA” pre-amp/shaper “ALTRO” signal processing, digitizing, event buffering MRPC Time-of-Flight readout Utilized CERN/ALICE “NINO” chip for analog readout of MRPC modules to digitizer. Forward GEM Tracker Six disks of triple-GEM detectors with pad readout. Uses APV25 chips developed for CMS. 37,000 channels

9. STAR Future Heavy Flavor Tracker $15M MIE project. Complete ~Jan 2014 Pixel layers: “Ultimate-2” CMOS Pixel Sensor (IPHC) 40 ladders, 10 MAPS sensors/ladder Si pad detector readout: CMS APV25-S1 (900 chips, 110K channels) Rebuild TPC Inner Readout Planes Currently, pad planes cover only 20% of inner sector. Re-design covers full area. • Improve dE/dx path length at mid-rapidity • Extend rapidity coverage (e.g. for eSTAR) • ~$4M project What ASICs? Need 85,000 channels. Original ALTRO/PASA no longer produced. Ideally, ASIC will be designed together with the electrode design, to meet specific requirements.

10. Radiation environment at RHIC PHENIX and STAR have each studied the radiation field at the detectors with measurements and simulation, with similar results. Here are some results from STAR… Vertex production of neutrons Radiation field in krad at z = 0, vs. radius

11. CEBAF 12 GeV Experiments

12. CLAS12/Hall B • The CEBAF 12 GeV detectors utilize only two ASICs: • Hall B silicon vertex tracker • Hall D tracking chambers Hall B uses existing discrete-amplifier readouts for drift chamber (~25K total channels) PMT/SiPM readouts use FADCs done with commercial 125 MHz or 250MHz units.

13. Hall B CLAS12 Si Vertex Tracker (SVT) Readout electronics Cold plate CLAS 12 Central Detector Sensor modules SVT operates in 5T field, L = 1035 cm-2sec-1 500 fb-1 per year. Radiation dose (Carbon target) = 2.5 Mrad Readout uses FSSR2 ASIC, developed at Fermilab for BTeV. Sensor modules read out by 4 ASICs of 128 channels each.

14. Hall D GLUEX Tracking Chambers ASIC for Drift Chamber Readout: anodes and cathodes From F. Barbosa, JLab:

15. Electron Ion Collider: Two machine designs ELIC eRHIC eRHIC (BNL): Adds 5-20 GeV electron beam to collide with existing RHIC hadron beams. ELIC (JLab): Adds high energy ion and polarized proton beams to CEBAF 12 GeV electron beam. • While the machine designs are very different, the physics parameters are similar: • Collision energy range, ion species, luminosity arXiv:1212.1701

16. EIC Detector Design Concept Community-wide effort underway to develop simulations to determine detector requirements for specific “Golden Measurements” Magnet 2-3T hadron electron • high acceptance -5 < h < 5 central detector • good PID (p,K,p and lepton) and vertex resolution (< 5mm) • tracking and calorimeter coverage the same  good momentum resolution, lepton PID • Barrel: MAPS & TPC, Forward: MAPS & GEM • low material density  minimal multiple scattering and bremsstrahlung • very forward electron and proton/neutron detection  Roman Pots, ZDC, low e-tagger

17. Some notes on Rates for EIC Low multiplicy: Nch(ep ) ~ Nch(eA) < Nch(pA) no occupancy problem Radiation environment similar to that at RHIC. Detailed simulations in progress, based on machine IR designs. Beam crossing rate for BNL eRHIC is 40 MHz, same as LHC. Hence detector designs are likely to incorporate ASICs similar to those being developed for various upgrades to LHC detectors, both in the U.S. and at CERN. Cross section: Pythia ep: 0.030 – 0.060 mb Luminosity: 1034 cm-1 s-2 = 107 mb-1 s-1 Interaction rate: 300-600 KHz

18. Some Concluding Observations • NP has relied heavily on ASIC developments in HEP. • It is likely that more specific requirements on ASICs will emerge in design studies for new detectors. • Ideally, institutions responsible for particular detector subsystems will turn to ASIC design groups to work on optimal solutions, in concert with the detector designs. • It is essential to maintain and further develop this capability in DOE labs.

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