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If humans evolved from monkeys why are monkeys still around?

If humans evolved from monkeys why are monkeys still around?. If humans evolved from monkeys why are monkeys still around?. http://www.flascience.org/art/16x.jpg. Your ancestors didn’t “turn into” you. You are related by common ancestors. http://www.flascience.org/art/16x.jpg.

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If humans evolved from monkeys why are monkeys still around?

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  1. If humans evolved from monkeys why are monkeys still around?

  2. If humans evolved from monkeys why are monkeys still around?

  3. http://www.flascience.org/art/16x.jpg

  4. Your ancestors didn’t “turn into” you You are related by common ancestors http://www.flascience.org/art/16x.jpg

  5. Common Ancestry is the key!

  6. Phylogenetics/Cladistics or “tree thinking” • The evolutionary history of extant organisms can be understood • by their shared inheritance. • The depiction of the evolutionary history of a group as a “tree” is called a Cladogram, Phylogeny, or phylogenetic tree • Relationships of existing species must be estimated or inferred • from data, • therefore, a phylogeny or cladogram is always a hypothesis

  7. Darwin called common ancestry “The principle of common descent.” • The diversity of life branching from • common ancestors: The Tree of Life

  8. Evolutionary relationships of the Great Apes “Branching tree” of relationships

  9. Gorillas Evolutionary relationships of the Great Apes “Branching tree” of relationships

  10. Anatomy of a Cladogram (Clade: a group of closely related organisms) Cladogram: abranching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships of lineages (or taxa) • At the “tips” • are taxa • All branches • represent • lineages Time

  11. Anatomy of a Cladogram (Clade: a group of closely related organisms) Cladistics: the classification of organisms by evolutionary relationships and common ancestors Time

  12. Anatomy of a Cladogram Topology: cladogram’s pattern of branching Branches Time

  13. Anatomy of a Cladogram • = Node: where two or more lineages meet at a common ancestor Time Root: the most ancestral Lineage of a clade. Where the cladogram ends.

  14. Anatomy of a Cladogram Nodes also represent a synapomorphy: a trait (or character) shared by an ancestor and all of its descendants D C B D B D B C C B C B A A D A C Time B Y- all descendants have Y.

  15. Anatomy of a Cladogram Nodes also represent a synapomorphy: a trait (or character) shared by an ancestor and all of its descendants B B B B B Time B Y- all descendants have Y.

  16. Anatomy of a Cladogram Nodes also represent a synapomorphy: a trait (or character) shared by an ancestor and all of its descendants D C B D B D B C C B C B A A D A C Time B Y- all descendants have Y.

  17. Anatomy of a Cladogram Polytomy: a node from which three or more lineages are equally divergent from a common ancestor. Why? Time

  18. Anatomy of a Cladogram Polytomy: a node from which three or more lineages are equally divergent from a common ancestor. Why? 1) the data aren’t good enough to figure out the true relationship of descendents of that ancestor Time

  19. Anatomy of a Cladogram Polytomy: a node from which three or more lineages are equally divergent from a common ancestor. Why? 2) the ancestor really had multiple direct descendents = adaptive radiation Time

  20. Anatomy of a Cladogram Sister taxa: two clades that are most closely related to each other in a cladogram C D B A Time

  21. Anatomy of a Cladogram Autapomorphy: a trait (or character) that is unique to only one taxon. Time

  22. Anatomy of a Cladogram Ancestral Character (plesiomorphy): in gray: trait of taxa or a taxon that was inherited from a common ancestor Time

  23. Anatomy of a Cladogram Derived Character: a more recently evolved trait than an ancestral trait. Time

  24. Anatomy of a Cladogram Monophyletic Group: a common ancestor and all of its descendents : a Clade should = monophyletic group Time

  25. Anatomy of a Cladogram Invalid Paraphyletic Group: a common ancestor without all of its descendents Problem: does not include all members of a clade Time

  26. Anatomy of a Cladogram Invalid Polyphyletic Group: 2+ lineages without their most recent common ancestor Problem: does not include most closely related members of a clade Time

  27. On what data are cladograms based? • Morphological Characters (from phenotype) • Remember: Morphology reflects the genotype • And/or

  28. On what data are cladograms based? • Morphological Characters (from phenotype) • Remember: Morphology reflects the genotype • And/or • 2) Molecular Characters (from genotype) • DNA sequences from the mitochondria: mtDNA. • mtDNA genes are usually fast evolving. Mitochondria lack proof-reading enzymes of the nucleus; accumulate mutations quickly. • Examples: CO1 (cytochrome oxidase 1) and 16S • DNA sequences from the nuclear genome • the nuclear DNA genes chosen to use in phylogenetics usually have some important function, therefore they are highly conserved sequences with few mutations. More slowly evolving than mtDNA • Examples: 18S or 28S ribosomal RNA, Histone 3

  29. Great Ape Divergence Gorillas 2-3 mya 6 mya Evolutionary relationships of the Great Apes 8 mya Time 16 mya mya = million years ago What clades have diverged most recently?

  30. Bonobos Humans Chimps Gorillas Orangutans G C B O H

  31. Bonobos Humans Chimps Gorillas Orangutans = = G G H O H B B C O C =

  32. Bonobos Humans Chimps Gorillas Orangutans G B C H O B C H G O = = = = G G H O H B B C O C =

  33. Who uses paraphyletic groups?

  34. GROUP ACTIVITY! In your groups, answer the questions about the cladograms you are given.

  35. EXAMPLE (2011, Science)

  36. EXAMPLE

  37. EXAMPLE E P D T E P

  38. Using cladistics I’ll show you that: • “Reptiles” don’t exist • Birds are dinosaurs

  39. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Notice synapomorphies and autapomorphies “mapped” onto this cladogram Amniotes Tetrapods

  40. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Tetrapods . Amniotes . • Limbs is a synapomorphy for tetrapods • -Snakes “lost” their limbs through evolution, thus • have a derived condition. • Hair is an autoapomorphy for mammals

  41. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Reptiles What is wrong with “reptiles” as a clade?

  42. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Reptiles What is wrong with “reptiles” as a clade?

  43. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Reptiles What is wrong with “reptiles” as a clade?

  44. Using cladistics I’ll show you that: • Birds are dinosaurs

  45. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria • Crocodiles and birds are each others closest living relatives • Extant (living) sister taxa. • But don’t they seem VERY different? • Where are the intermediates?

  46. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/bigdinos2005/turkey.html

  47. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/bigdinos2005/turkey.html • Dinosaurs are monophyletic only if you include birds

  48. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/bigdinos2005/turkey.html • Because of extinction (65 mya), the only archosaurs • alive today are crocs & birds.

  49. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria • Because of extinction (65 mya), the only archosaurs • alive today are crocs & birds. Did dinosaurs go extinct?

  50. Evolution of Whales • Hippos and whales are each others closest living relatives • They are extant (living) sister taxa. • But don’t they seem VERY different? • Where are the intermediates?

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