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Grammar Basics (Nouns)

Grammar Basics (Nouns). Resource: Advanced English Grammar for ESL Learners. C/ LtCol Genieve M. Martínez. Lesson Objectives. Review grammar basics: Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction Putting words together Sentence

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Grammar Basics (Nouns)

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  1. Grammar Basics (Nouns) Resource: Advanced English Grammar for ESL Learners C/LtColGenieve M. Martínez

  2. Lesson Objectives • Review grammar basics: • Parts of Speech • Noun • Pronoun • Verb • Adjective • Adverb • Preposition • Conjunction • Putting words together • Sentence • Test Knowledge: Quiz 1

  3. Parts of Speech • NOUN a person, place, or thing. Can be the subject or object of a sentence. • PRONOUNa word that replaces or stands for ("pro" = for) a noun. • VERB an action word. • ADJECTIVE a word that describes or modifies a noun. Answers the questions "how many," "what kind," etc. • ADVERB a word that describes or modifies a verb. • PREPOSITION (literally "pre-position") a word that indicates the relationship of a noun (or noun phrase) to another word.

  4. Nouns Types of nouns:

  5. Spelling of regular nouns • Most regular nouns form their plural spelling by adding –s to the singular form: • If the regular plural ending is pronounced s, x, ch or sh, the regular plural is spelled –es:

  6. Spelling of regular nouns • The plural of words ending in constant + y change the y to iand add –es: • If the y follows a vowel, the y is part of the spelling of the vowel and cannot be changed:

  7. Test your knowledge: Spelling of regular nouns • Write the correct form of the plural in the second column. The first question is done as an example.

  8. Irregular plurals • Seven nouns form their plurals by a vowel change alone:

  9. Irregular plurals • Two nouns retain the plural ending –en that in Old English was standard for regular nouns: • If the noun ends with /f/ the f changes to v and add the –es plural or if the word has /f/ in the middle change the f to v and add –s at the end:

  10. Test your knowledge: Irregular nouns • Write the correct form of the plural in the second column. The first question is done as an example.

  11. Latin plurals • Plural of Latin nouns ending in –us change the –us to -i: • Plurals of Latin nouns ending in –um change –um to -a:

  12. Test your knowledge: Latin plurals • Write the correct form of the plural in the second column. The first question is done as an example.

  13. Noncount nouns • Are names for categories of things. For example the noncount noun housing is a collective term that refers to an entire category of places where people temporarily or permanently reside, such as a room, house, dormitory, condo, tent and so on.

  14. Noncount nouns • The following words are all noncount nouns. Put each noun into the category that is most appropriate for it. The first word is done as an example.

  15. Possessive nouns and personal pronouns • Possessive nouns and pronouns have the same functions but are formed in very different ways. • The use of the apostrophe signals the possessive use of the plural noun.

  16. Possessive nouns and personal pronouns • Three forms of possessive nouns: plural –s, singular possessive –’s and plural possessive –s’:

  17. Possessive nouns and personal pronouns • While it is correct to call –s’ the plural possessive, it is a mistake to think of the –’s as the singular possessive. The problem with this definition arises with the possessive forms of irregular nouns that become plural without adding a plural –s.

  18. Test your knowledge: Possessives • Fill in the correct forms of the plurals and possessives. An example is provided.

  19. The common subject pronouns • Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns in a sentence.

  20. The possessive form of personal pronouns • The possessive pronoun has:

  21. Distinguishing between its and it’s • The simplest way to distinguish the contracted form of it is from the uncontracted possessive pronoun its is to see if you can expand its or it’s to it is. If the expanded two-word expression makes sense, then you know that you should use the contracted form it’s. If the expanded two-word expression makes no sense at all, then you know that you are dealing with the possessive pronoun and that you should not use the apostrophe. Here is a test applied to the two examples: • My car lost it’s windshield wiper. • Expanded: My car lost it is windshield wiper. • The correct form is • My car lost its windshield wiper.

  22. Test your knowledge: Distinguishing between its and it’s • Expand the its and it’s in the following sentences and then write the corrected form under the expanded form. If the original is already correct, write “OK” under the expanded form.

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