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The Rise and Decline of the Gunpowder Empires

The Rise and Decline of the Gunpowder Empires. AP World History. Overview. Rise of Ottomans, Safavid, Mughal Conditions of Europe: Why no Gunpowder Empire in Europe? Big Question: What accounts for the rise of the Gunpowder Empires and why aren’t they able to keep pace with Europe?.

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The Rise and Decline of the Gunpowder Empires

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  1. The Rise and Decline of the Gunpowder Empires AP World History

  2. Overview • Rise of Ottomans, Safavid, Mughal • Conditions of Europe: Why no Gunpowder Empire in Europe? • Big Question: What accounts for the rise of the Gunpowder Empires and why aren’t they able to keep pace with Europe?

  3. European Overview • Most Monarchs claim Divine Right • Intermarriage among royal bloodlines is common • Monarchs gain influence in another country via marriage/inheritance ties (i.e., Phillip II) • Strong National Loyalties develop (Spain/Portugal start  Replaced by France/England • Wars: Religious, Political, Economic

  4. Rise of Mughal India • Rise of power swift, easily conquered and controlled Northern India. (map) • Akbar solidified power, made social changes • Created a new religion with elements of Hinduism and Islam • Eliminated jizya tax on Hindus • Allowed Hindus to build temples again • Promoted Hindus in the gov’t • Outlawed Sati (immolation), discouraged child marriage

  5. Mughal Military Power • Massive armies, cavalry, artillery, no navy • Firearms purchased from Europeans, limited local production • Troops poorly trained – conscripted from poor

  6. Mughal Decline • Public works (including the Taj Mahal) drain budgets

  7. Mughal Decline • Wars to conquer Southern India depleted reserves, distracted emperor from internal problems (uprisings and revolts), and incursions from Persian and Afghan warriors bands

  8. Mughal Decline • Repressive tax system, with few benefits seen by poor • Extensive bureaucracy allowed large scale corruption • Later emperors refused to integrate Hindus into the gov’t (80% of population) • Military technology unable to match European development – modernization plan – Why?

  9. Ottoman Rise • Void left by Mongols taken up by Ottomans • Cavalry, Jannisaries dominate • Conquer Constantinople, make it their capital • Considered the “terror of Europe”

  10. Ottoman Military Might • Adopted firearms readily – easily defeated Muslim rivals, Hungary • Initially they had superior technology • 15th Century - Build navy to ward off Europeans, gain control of Mediterranean (Significance?)

  11. 400 Years of Decline • Military victories bring about decline, how? • Had to constantly guard gains

  12. 400 Years of Decline • Conservative Islam focused on tradition, spirituality • Turks did not have the resources, forethought to modernize army • Trade imbalance • Middle class heavily taxed (why relevant?) • Numerous ineffective leaders

  13. Land-Based Empires • Focus on self-defense • Agricultural base, not industrialization • Centralized power • Large land masses • Controlled by large administrative and economic systems • Why have you never heard of them?

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