Reunification of China Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties

1. Reunification of ChinaSui, Tang and Song Dynasties

2. After the Han • Centuries of disunity after fall of Han • 589; Sui, Tang then Song dynasties centralize & revitalize China.

3. II. Sui Dynasty - 589 • A. Ruler Wendi reestablished centralized state • 1. Repaired Great Wall • 2. Revolts due to high taxes ended Sui dynasty • - Tang dynasty emerged

4. III. Tang Dynasty – Golden Era of Chinese History • A. Expanded influence • 1. Established tributary system (payment by subjects) w/ Vietnam & Korea = spread Chinese institutions • - foreign envoys performed Kowtow before the emperor

5. B. Strengthened Central Gov’t • 1. Empress Wu (one of few female rulers) • Reduced powers of landlords • Removed their tax power; state taxed peasants directly. • Accurate censuses = fair & reliable taxation • C. Civil Service Exam Revived • 1. Stricter • 2. Education counting more than birthright • 3. Aristocrat’s role faded in favor of scholar-bureaucrats Empress Wu – 625-705

6. Write a CCOT thesis: Analyze the changes and continuities in the attitudes toward Buddhism in China between the Han and Song dynasties.

7. D. State Practices & Infrastructure = Commercial Growth • 1. Regulate trade • 2. Roads & canals • Grand Canal linking southern rice fields to pop. Centers in the north • 3. Flying Money = early currency • Credit instrument = redeemed at end of voyage • Reduced danger of robbery • Led to paper money

9. E. Attack on Buddhism • 1. Revival of Confucianism – “Neo-Confucianism” • 2. Buddhism = potentially subversive element • Favored early on; rejected later as alien. • Thousands of shrines, monasteries destroyed. • Remained important minority but… • Period of growth halted • 3. Tang felt right and duty to regulate beliefs of subjects

10. F. Tang Decline - Late 700’s • 1. Poverty, taxes, nomadic invasions = protest • 2. 906 - civil war • 3. 960 - Song comes to power

11. IV. Song Dynasty • A. Controlled less land than Tang • 1. North dominated by nomads; • - Jurchens= Jin Dynasty • 2. Control focused on southern regions

12. B. Economically Dynamic • 1. Tax revenues up; focused on merchants not peasants; revolts down • 2. Domestic (in China) trade increased = tea, cotton • 3. Foreign trade flourished • a. Highly developed manufacturing sector • sophisticated ships/tech.; Junks • 4. Imports limited mostly to raw materials • a. full consumer society does not develop • b. Why? clashed w/ Confucian ideals of self-reliance & no excesses

13. Chinese Junks

14. Critical Intro One sentence describing the cultural connection between Hangzhou China and Mombasa E. Africa.

15. C. Improved Ag. Productivity & Coal & Iron Output • 1. Quick-growing Champa rice from Vietnam & fertilizers = more harvests & yields • 2. Massive pop. growth; 100 mill. + • 3. Expansion of urban life; Big Cities! - Hangzhou

18. D. Expanded Manufacturing for Export • 1. Iron & steel • 2. textiles & porcelain

19. E. Chinese Diasporic Merchant Communities in SE Asia • 1. Facilitate Chinese trade in those areas

20. F. Arts & Culture During Tang and Song • 1. Art, architecture, literature reflected Buddhist, Daoist influence • a. Pagoda introduced • b. Art & lit. reliance on natural subjects • c. Traditional order of Neo-Confucianism combined with love of nature inspired by Daoists & Buddhists

21. G. Gunpowder & printing spread from East Asia into the Islamic Empires & Western Europe W. Europe Mongol Empire Gunpowder & Printing Islamic Empires • 1. Tech. & cult. transfers specifically between Tang China & Abbasid Empire

22. H. Impact of Neo-Confucianism during Song Era • 1. Revival of Confucian ideology • a. Emphasis on tradition • b. Less receptive to outside ideas; solutions drawn from past • c. Limited long-term innovation • d. Reinforced role of patriarch; submissive/inferior role of women • e. Worsened conditions for women by Later song Era

24. Foot binding – Song Dynasty to early 20th century

25. I. Song Dynasty Replaced by Mongols • 1. Yuan Dynasty forms under Kublai Khan • a. China regains control under Ming dynasty

26. Chinese culture

27. Critical Intro: Describe the most significant difference between Japanese and European Feudalism.

28. Rise of Japan

29. Rise of Japan • I. “Selective Borrowing” from China • Imitate superior culture • 1. Buddhism • 2. Confucian values • a. Impact = Position of Japanese women declined • 3. Arch. & urban planning • 4. Ag. & manu. techniques spurred Japanese eco Buddhist –inspired Todaiji Temple in Japan

30. B. While maintaining Japanese traditions • 1. Shintoism • 2. Nobility/Aristocracy

31. II. Limits to “Borrowing” • A. Fall of Tang China made Chinese model less attractive • Centralized rule failed in Japan; emperor remained but… decentralized Feudal System Emerged

32. Buddhist –inspired Todaiji Temple in Japan

33. Rise of Japan • III. Japanese Middle Ages – 600-1450 • 600s -900s • 1. Emperor led, centralized rule • 2. Confucian-based governing, adopted from Chinese

34. Rise of Japan • B. Civil war between ruling families – 1100s • 1. End of centralized, imperial rule • New Form of Governance - feudalism • Decentralized feudal gov’t • Comparable to European feudal system • Both have “Coerced Labor” system – serfs • - (add this to Venn)

35. Rise of Japan • D. Shogunate period begins • Shogunate = Centralized feudal gov’t • Shogun= Supreme military and political leader • Emperor = figurehead only

38. Chinese Dynasty Song (Tune ---- Frère Jacques / Are You Sleeping / Where is Thumbkin.) Shang Zhou (“Joe”) Qin (“chin”) Han (Repeat) ( ------------------- 400 years of Disunity ------------------) Sui - “sway” Tang Song (Repeat) Yuan ------ Mongol Ming Qing (“ching”) --------Manchu Republic -------- Republic of China (Repeat) Mao Zedong ---------People’s Republic of China / Communist China – 1949-76 Deng! ----- Deng Xiaoping -1978-92 (Repeat) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7XtD5u3AkQ

39. Reemergence of the Civil Service Exam Tang Dynasty What values do these tales hold to be more important than passing the civil service examination? ___________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What do the aspirants hope to gain by passing the examination? _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What do these passages tell us about the structure of Chinese government in the eighth and ninth centuries? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What was the role of status in Chinese society? ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

40. Korea Vietnam Chinese Influences on Korea, Vietnam and Japan Japan

41. Marco Polo in the City of Hangzhou China 1. What did Polo find noteworthy in Hangzhou? 2. What parts of Polo’s description seem clearly wrong or exaggerated? 3. What clues do you find regarding the system of governance in Hangzhou? 4. What were the authorities worried about? 5. In Polo’s report on Hangzhou, do you detect an implied comparison with European cities, such as with his hometown? Explain 6. On your own paper: Use your class materials to write an essay (one page minimum) that describes the main features of the network of trade and cultural exchange stretching from Hangzhou to the Swahili states like Mombasa & Mogadishu.

42. Reemergence of the Civil Service Exam TangDynasty

44. Civil Service Exam

45. Malacca

46. Angkor Wat

47. Buddhism

48. Swahili

49. Luxury goods

50. Champa rice