Memory Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval: How Memories are Formed and Remembered

1. Paper 1: Memory L/O: to describe (A01) encoding, storage and retrieval to explain how (A01) memories are encoded and stored

2. The processes of memory Watch the video and take notes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXx_LXNjetU

3. A01- PROCESSES Memory involves 3 processes: -Putting information in your brain ( encoding) -Storing it there -Retrieving it again Just like computers!

4. Extra info: Tactile encoding: Memory of what things feel Like Olfactory memory: Memory for smells A01- ENCODING Definition? = changing information so it can be stored in the brain. The form of the information is changed. Work out the way memories are encoded: 1.Visual encoding 2.Acoustic encoding 3.Semantic encoding = some memories are stored visually ( what is looks like). Example: if I ask you to count the windows on your house, you probably “see” your house in your mind in order to count the windows = some memories are stored in terms of what they sound like. Example: your favourite song. If you think about them, you can hear the words and music. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75p-N9YKqNo =our semantic memory is the meaning of words. It is the ability to understand and use words and concepts. Example: you know and understand the word elephant and you can use the word in a sentence

5. A01- ENCODING Those are mnemonics All sorts of memory tricks rely on making meaningful associations. Encoding information semantically ( by its meaning) leads to better storage Every Good Boy Deserve Football = primary notes in music M.A.S.S.I.V.E. Metaphors/ adjectives/ similes/sentence variety/imagery/vocabulary/ effective verbs = things you need to add to write a good paragraph Do you use meaningful associations to help you remember thing? Share with the class!

6. A01- Encode – Store- Retrieve Memory describes a whole lot of different things: remembering….. what? Make a list! • Your last birthday • The capital of France • What you did in your last math lesson • Stuff for your exam • Where you put your mobile phone • How to ride a bike

7. A01- Encode – Store- Retrieve In all case, we can describe the process of memory in terms of : • Encoding = the information must be translated into a form so that it can be held in your brain • Storage = the information is then kept in your brain for a period of time – possibly even a lifetime • Retrieval= the information has to be located and brought back out of your brain

8. A01- Retrieval We can retrieve memories in several different ways: • Recognition Example: What is the primacy effect? a/ words that appears first on the list are more likely to be recalled than the words in the middle of the list b/ words that appears last on the list are more likely to be recalled than the words in the middle of the list c/words that appears in the middle on the list are more likely to be recalled than the words at the end of the list • Cued recall – • Free recall – when you retrieve without cues who conducted the War of the Ghosts’ study? ……it’s on the tip of my tongue….. I give you a clue…it starts with “B” Bartlett!!!

9. Exam tip: explaining key terms When explaining key terms, always give a relevant example to illustrate your point. This shows your knowledge and understanding of the topic.

10. Which one of the following terms is a description of storage?( 1 mark) a/ putting information into your memory b/ recalling information c/ Learning information in term of how it sounds d/ holding information in your memory

11. Apply it ( A02) Ezra finds that when he revises for his psychology test, he remembers more information if he re-writes passages of the textbook into his own words as opposed to just staring at the textbook page or reading the page out loud. A friend tests Ezra by asking him to recall what he learned the previous day. Ezra finds that he remembers most of the information but not all of it. However, when he is given the opportunity to look at some key words from his notes he finds that he can remember the rest of the information. Identify the different ways in which Ezra learns. Refer to the different types of encoding in your answer ( 3 marks) 2. Why couldn’t Ezra remember all of his notes the following day? ( 2marks) Semantic encoding= re-writes passages of textbook using his own words Acoustic encoding= reading out loud Visual encoding= staring at the textbook Because he did a free recall but when his friend give him a cue/clue, he can remember more

12. Explain what is meant by each of the following terms: “ storage” and “retrieval” ( 4 marks) Storage is when the information is then kept in your brain for a period of time – possibly even a lifetime. The information can be stored in your short term memory and in your long term memory Retrieval is when the information has to be located and brought back out of your brain. There are different ways to retrieve memory. One example is cued recall. This is when you are given a cue ( “it starts with the letter N”) to help you retrieve the full information.

13. Paper 1: Memory L/O: to describe (A01) and evaluate (A03) the different types of memory

14. Different types of memory Today’s lesson Long term memory (LTM): memories stay with us For weeks, months and even a life-time

15. A01-Different types of memory Tulving proposed that there are 3 LTM stores containing different types of information. • Episodic memory • Semantic memory • Procedural memory

16. A01-Different types of memory Episodic Memory = memory for events ( episodes) from your life. = memory for the things you have done and experiences you have had Examples? A visit to the dentist/ a concert you went to last month/ your birthday party when you were 10…. =Those memories are TIME-STAMPED. What does it mean? You recall the time and place of those episodes. You also remember who else was there, what happened before and after. You may also remember what you felt about it.

17. A01-Different types of memory Semantic memory = semantic is about “meaning” = like your own encyclopedia.It is the meaning of everything you know. = it is the knowledge you share with other people ( whereas episodic memories are unique to you) Examples? Paris is the capital of France/ England won the world cup in 1966 = semantic memories are not timed-stamped.( we don’t usually remember when we first learned about Justin Bieber for example ( if you do, then this memory is episodic) = you require to make a conscious effort

18. A01-Different types of memory Procedural memory = is muscle memory – remembering how do to things = we can recall those memories without conscious awareness or a great deal of effort Examples? How to cycle/ driving a car ( we change gear without having to recall how…)/ playing the guitar = skills that are difficult to explain to someone else

19. A03- EVALUATION Advice: Download the free App called “3D brain”. It will become VERY useful! (+) specific location in the brain Point-one strength of dividing LTM into different types is that brain scans have shown separate locations in the brain for each of the 3 types of memory. Explanation- if the 3 types of memory are different then each should have a specific location in the brain Evidence-Researcher have found support for this: Episodic memory is associated with the right prefrontal area Semantic memory is associated with the left prefrontal area Procedural memory is associated with the motor area which control fine movements LINK to Qs- This shows that there are different kinds of memory

20. A03- EVALUATION (+) Amnesic patients P – Another strength is that people who suffer from memory loss due to brain damage lose only certain kinds of memory. E- The case study of Clive Wearing support the idea of different kinds of memory. He developed an infection in his brain and within a day he had lost almost all memory of his past. E-His episodic memory was severely affected: he knew he had children but could remember their names and ages. However is procedural memory was still intact after his infection: he could still remember how to play the piano. Although he has no episodic memories of his wife, he had semantic knowledge of her: he remembers that he loves her. L- This suggests that there are different types of LTM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipD_G7U2FcM