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Transitivity

Transitivity. -the strength of connection between subject and object- を , に , and が. The Goal is ….

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Transitivity

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  1. Transitivity -the strength of connection between subject and object-を, に, and が

  2. The Goal is … • Based on my own teaching experience, many students face a difficulty with using を and が in writing and speaking. This is partly because they don’t decide either particle to use based on transitivity. • Even though transitivity is one of the concepts to perceive the differences between を, に, and が and it is not perfect, it is still recommended for students to consider this concept. • Therefore, this power point hopefully helps you to understand the conceptual differences of を, に, and が, better.

  3. Conceptual Guidance There are three types of sentence structures based on the number of objects. • No object-Example:雨が降る（あめがふる）=Rain falls木村さんが走る（きむらさんがはしる）=Mr./Mrs. Kimura runs. • One object-Example: スープを作る（すーぷをつくる）=make a soup答えがわかる（こたえがわかる）=I figured out the answer • Two objects or more-Example:お金を財布から出す（おかねをさいふからだす）=bring money out from wallet　　　　 姉に辞書をもらう（あねにじしょをもらう）=get a dictionary from the older sister Note: Here, object means a material/factor which is necessary component of a sentence to support the meaning of a verb.

  4. In this power point, … • We will focus on the sentence structure with one object (the second one). • Transitivity means “how much influence does the subject has on the object?” Stronger Weaker------------------------------------------------ を に が

  5. Definitions of を, に, and が • を = Subject’s direct physical contact and makes some kind of change on the object or verbs related to emotion. • に = Subject’s relationship with the object or focused on one way physical contact from the subject. (Weaker physical contact than を) • が = Condition of the subject, such as sense, emotion (な-adjective), capability, etc.

  6. を を = Subject’s direct physical contact and makes some kind of change on the object or verbs related to emotion. Examples: • をつくる=make/create/cook (Direct physical contact & strong influence) • をこわす=destroy (Direct physical contact & strong influence) • をころす=kill (Direct physical contact & strong influence) • をあいする=love (Verbs related to emotion) • をきらう=hate (Verbs related to emotion)

  7. に に = Subject’s relationship with the object or focused on one way physical contact from the subject. (Weaker physical contact than を) Examples: • ににる=resemble (Subject’s relationship) • にさんせいする=agree with (Subject’s relationship & One way) • にさわる=touch (One way & weak physical influence) • にはなしかける=start talking to (One way & weak physical influence) • につく=arrive at (One way & weak physical influence) • にかわる=change into (One way) • にこいする=fall in love with (One way)

  8. が が = Condition of the subject, such as sense, emotion (な-adjective), capability, etc. Examples: • がわかる=understand/figure out (Condition, Sense, & capability) • がみえる= can see (Condition , Sense, & capability) • がいる/ある=there is (Condition) • がすきです=like (Condition & な-adjective) • がきらいです=dislike (Condition & な-adjective) • ができる= can do (Condition & Capability) • が・・・たい=want to…(Condition)

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