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Chapter 21: Circulation and Respiration

Chapter 21: Circulation and Respiration. Transporting fuel, raw materials, and gases into, out of, and around the body. Lecture by Jennifer Lange, Chabot College. Take-home message 21.1. In animals, the circulatory system is the chief distribution system.

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Chapter 21: Circulation and Respiration

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  1. Chapter 21: Circulation and Respiration Transporting fuel, raw materials, and gases into, out of, and around the body Lecture by Jennifer Lange, Chabot College

  2. Take-home message 21.1 • In animals, the circulatory system is the chief distribution system. • It transports gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and immune system cells throughout the body. • The circulatory system also helps animals regulate their body temperature and plays a protective role against infection.

  3. Types of Circulatory Systems • No formal system • Open circulation • Closed circulation

  4. Types of Circulatory Systems Thin animals have all cells within diffusion distance, so they don’t need a circulatory system.

  5. Types of Circulatory Systems Open systems have fluid moving inside and outside of containing vessels.

  6. Types of Circulatory Systems Closed systems always contain circulating fluid in vessels.

  7. Closed Circulatory System Parts • Heart - generates force • Receiving chamber - atrium • Pumping chamber - ventricle • Vessels • Transport blood throughout body

  8. Capillaries Serve as the Exchange Site for Fluids and Nutrients

  9. Take-home message 21.2 • Animals that can acquire all the nutrients and oxygen they need by diffusion do not have circulatory systems. • Among animals that do have circulatory systems, the system can be open or closed. • In closed circulatory systems, tiny blood vessels called capillaries bring blood close enough to tissues that diffusion can move the necessary molecules from the blood into the cells and from the cells into the blood.

  10. Types of Closed Systems: Two-Chambered Heart

  11. Types of Closed Systems: Four-Chambered Heart

  12. Types of Closed Systems: Three-Chambered Heart

  13. Take-home message 21-3 • Vertebrate’s circulatory systems vary in structure. • Fishes have a two-chambered heart with one circuit of flow. • Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart and two circuits. • Amphibians and most reptiles have a three-chambered heart and two circuits of blood flow.

  14. The human circulatory system has two loops: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

  15. Heart sounds are created by the closing of the heart valves.

  16. The flow of blood can be directed toward or away from specific body regions.

  17. Take-home message 21.4 • The human heart is an extremely durable pump. • It sends blood on a figure 8, two-circuit path through the body—first to the lungs for loading up with oxygen and, on its second circuit, to the tissues and organs of the body. • Valves in the heart and veins keep blood flowing in one direction.

  18. The heart has its own internal pacemaker, thus it can contract without external nervous stimulation.

  19. The wave of electricity follows the same pattern with each beat: • SA node and across atria • Interventricular septum then across ventricles beginning at apex

  20. Take-home message 21.5 • The sinoatrial node initiates regular, rhythmic contractions. • A heart contraction begins with an electrical impulse in the SA node in the right atrium. • The contraction quickly spreads to the left atrium, and passes down the center to the bottom of the heart, then moves upward, pushing blood from both ventricles out through the pulmonary arteries and aorta.

  21. The two major components of blood are water and RBC.

  22. Types of Blood Cells

  23. Types of Blood Cells

  24. Types of Blood Cells

  25. Take-home message 21.6 • Blood is a salty, protein-rich mixture of cells and fluid, important in the transport of respiratory gases, vitamins and minerals, nutrients, hormones, components of the immune system, and metabolic wastes.

  26. Take-home message 21.6 • Blood also helps maintain a constant internal environment, including body temperature. • Blood cells are produced throughout life by stem cells in bone marrow. • There are two types of cells suspended in the plasma: red cells, white cells, as well as cellular fragments, platelets.

  27. Blood pressure measures the strain on the walls of the arteries when the ventricles are contracting (systolic pressure) and when the ventricles are relaxed (diastolic pressure).

  28. Pumping farther distances and against gravity requires more pressure to be generated by the heart.

  29. Take-home message 21.7 • Blood pressure measurement gives important clues about an individual’s cardiovascular health. • A blood pressure reading consists of two measures—the systolic pressure, when the heart is contracting, and the diastolic pressure, when the heart is relaxing. • With high blood pressure, the heart must work harder at all times, the arteries can lose some of their elasticity, and health risks are increased.

  30. Heart attacks result from narrowing of the coronary arteries that obstructs blood flow the the heart muscle.

  31. Cholesterol is a dietary requirement, but too much causes disease.

  32. The type, or density, of the cholesterol consumed is important.

  33. Take-home message 21.8 • Cardiovascular disease includes all diseases of the heart and blood vessels, including heart attacks and strokes, and is the leading cause of death in the United States.

  34. Take-home message 21.8 • It generally begins with the development of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arteries, which increase the risk of blood clots and reduce the flow of blood in coronary arteries that supply oxygen to the heart. • Because plaque formation is usually initiated by circulating cholesterol, it is possible to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing cholesterol intake.

  35. The lymphatic system has functions that compliment those of the cardiovascular system.

  36. Failure of the lymphatic system results in fluid accumulation in the lower extremities.

  37. Take-home message 21.9 • The lymphatic system runs close to the circulatory system throughout the body, and plays a supporting role in the process of circulation by performing three main functions: • recycling fluid that leaks out of the capillaries of the circulatory system • marshaling white blood cells to help fight dangerous cells and pathogens • absorbing nutrients from the digestive system

  38. The stress of lying causes changes in cardiovascular function.

  39. Take-home message 21.10 • The polygraph can be an effective tool for evaluating whether or not an individual is telling the truth. • A polygraph measures manifestations of the fight-or-flight response: • chest and abdominal movement during respiration • changes in skin conductance • heart rate and amplitude and blood pressure

  40. Methods of Gas Exchange— Respiratory Systems

  41. Methods of Gas Exchange— Respiratory Systems

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