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Joints

Joints. Joints. A joint is the location at which 2 or more bones make contact Joints, also called articulations, have 2 functions: They hold bones together securely They give the rigid skeleton mobility Joints are classified in 2 ways: Functionally and Structurally. Functionally.

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Joints

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  1. Joints

  2. Joints • A joint is the location at which 2 or more bones make contact • Joints, also called articulations, have 2 functions: • They hold bones together securely • They give the rigid skeleton mobility • Joints are classified in 2 ways: Functionally and Structurally

  3. Functionally • The functional classification focuses on the amount of movement allowed by the joint • There are: • Synarthroses: Immovable joints • Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints • Diarthroses: Freely movable joints • Synarthroses and Amphiarthroses are restricted mainly to the axial skeleton • Diarthroses predominate in the limbs

  4. Structurally • Structurally, there are: • Fibrous joints • Cartilaginous joints • Synovial joints • As a general rule, fibrous joints are immovable and synovial joints are freely movable and most cartilaginous joints are amphiarthrotic

  5. Fibrous Joints • In fibrous joints, the bones are united by fibrous tissue e.g. sutures of the skull

  6. Cartilaginous Joints • In cartilaginous joints, the bone ends are connected by cartilage • Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint e.g. intervertebral joints

  7. Synovial Joints • Synovial joints are those in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid • All synovial joints have 4 distinguishing features: • Articular cartilage • Fibrous articular capsule • Joint cavity • Reinforcing ligaments

  8. Synovial Joints • Articular cartilage: covers the ends of the bones forming the joint • Fibrous articular capsule: The joint surfaces are enclosed by a sleeve or capsule of fibrous connective tissue and the capsule is covered with a smooth synovial membrane

  9. Synovial Joints • Joint cavity: the articular capsule encloses a cavity, called the joint cavity, which contains lubricating synovial fluid • Reinforcing ligaments: the fibrous capsule is usually reinforced with ligament (connection between bone to bone)

  10. Inflammatory Disorders • Arthritis: describes over 100 different inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints • Acute forms of arthritis usually result from bacterial invasion and are treated with antibiotic drugs • Chronic forms of arthritis include: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

  11. Osteoarthritis (OA) • The most common form of arthritis • Also called “wear and tear” arthritis • Affects the articular cartilages: over the years, there is a softening , fraying and eventual breaking down of the cartilage • As the disease progresses, the exposed bone thickens and extra bone tissue, called bone spurs, grows around the margin of the eroded cartilage

  12. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) • It is an autoimmune disease: a disorder in which the body’s immune system attempts to destroy its own tissue

  13. Gouty Arthritis (gout) • A disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as crystal in the soft tissues of joints

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