Lesson 47

1. Lesson 47 Pilgrimage Pillars – Ihram and Tawaf

2. There are certain conditions that must be met in order for the pilgrimage (Hajj) and the lesser pilgrimage (`Umrah) to become obligatory for a person:

3. A person must be Muslim, sane, and mature.

4. Hajj must be affordable to him (i.e. expenses, transportation, and safety of the road).

5. Hajj, one of the five pillars of Islam, is obligatory to be performed once in one’s lifetime.

6. While `Umrah is a highly recommended Sunnah.

7. The Prophet (SAWS) incited the desire for Hajj and `Umrah and warned from neglecting them.

8. It is permissible for the one who already performed Hajj to do it on behalf of another person who is unable to perform it because of illness, old age, or death.

9. Hajj and `Umrah have rites, obligatory elements, prohibitions, and Sunnahs.

10. Rites: • Hajj and `Umrah are invalidated if either of them is left

11. Obligatory elements: • It is a sin not to perform any of them. There is a ruling legislated by Allah to be imposed upon he who rejects one of these elements.

12. Prohibitions: • The Lawgiver prohibited certain things, and each has rulings if it is done.

13. Sunnahs: • They are all enactments done by the Prophet (SAWS), other than the rites and obligations. They are recommended to be performed, but it is not a sin if one fails to do them

14. The Rites of Hajj • The rites of Hajj are four: • a) Ihram

15. b) Tawaf (Circumambulation around the Ka`bah)

16. c) Sa`y (Hastening between as-Safa and al-Marwah): only obligatory for Hanafi School

17. d) Standing on Mount `Arafah

18. The Rites of `Umrah • The rites of `Umrah are:Ihram, Tawaf, and Sa`y

19. Ihram (consecration) • It is mandatory: • to enter the state of Ihram from the sites and on times prescribed by the Lawgiver, • And not wear sewn clothes (for men).

20. If any of these two acts are not accomplished, an animal (e.g. sheep) should be slaughtered or one has to fast for ten days for those who can not afford.

21. It is unlawful while being in Ihram to: • a) cover the head with headgear, • b) shave or cut one’s hair, • c) trim one’s nails, • d) apply perfume, • e) wear sewn clothes.

22. If any of these is performed, one has to make up for it by fasting for three days, feeding six indigent people, or slaughtering a sheep.

23. f) Sexual intercourse nullifies Hajj. All its rituals, beside slaughtering a camel or a cow, or fasting ten days, must be first completed.

24. g) Sexual prelude is also prohibited and the expiation is to slaughter a sheep,

25. h) the same as for killing or hunting a game in the Haram.

26. i) Marriage or engagement is also forbidden, but no expiation is stipulated except repentance and asking for forgiveness.

27. Sunnahs of Ihram are: • bathing, wearing a clean white cloth, entering Ihram after performing a prayer, trimming one’s nails, trimming one’s moustache, removing pubic hair,

28. as well as continuous recitation of the Talbiyah: Labbayka Allahumma Labbayk (here I am at Your service, my Lord!), supplication, and praying the benediction on the Prophet (SAWS). Talbiyah is an obligation for the Maliki Juristic School.

29. Tawaf (Circumambulation) • In Hajj, there are three circumambulations: Tawaf al-Ifadah (going-forth) which is a pillar rite of Hajj and Hajj is not accomplished without it, as well as Tawaf al-Qudum (arrival) and Tawaf al-Wada` (farewell) which are obligatory.

30. The conditions of tawaf • The conditions of tawaf are like those of prayer, namely: intention, purity, ablution, and covering one’s private parts.

31. In addition: • It is performed inside al-Masjid al-Haram (Inviolable Mosque), • making the Ka`bah at the left-hand side • doing seven consecutive rounds in an anti-clockwise direction.

32. Sunnahs of tawaf • To kiss the Black Stone at the beginning of tawaf if possible (or to touch or point to it),

33. b) to recite a certain invocation at the beginning and the end of every circumambulation,

34. c) and touch the Yamani Corner,

35. d) kiss the Black Stone whenever it is passed if possible,

36. e) pray two Rak`ahs after tawaf behind Maqam (place) Ibrahim,

37. f) to drink from Zamzam

38. Also, for men, it is a Sunnah to hasten in their steps during the first three rounds of Tawaf Al-Qudum, as well as to uncover the right shoulder.

39. Decencies of Tawaf • Among the good manners of tawaf are submission, deep devotion, and talking only when necessary.

40. Evidence from Qur’an and Sunnah

41. Obligation of Hajj: • Allah says: • ﴿وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى النَّاسِ حِجُّ الْبَيْتِ مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلاً ﴾[آل عمران: 97]

42. This means: • “And Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah) to the House (Ka'bah) is a duty that mankind owes to Allah, on those who can afford the expenses (for one's conveyance, provision and residence).” • (Al-`Imran: 97)

43. The Messenger of Allah (SAWS) said: • “Islam is raised on five (pillars): The testification that there is no god but Allah, that Muhammad is His bondsman and His Messenger, the establishment of prayer, the payment of Zakah, the pilgrimage to the House of Allah (Ka`bah), and fasting during Ramadan.” • (Reported by al-Bukhariyy and Muslim)

44. Ibn `Abbas (RA) narrated: • “Al-Aqra` Ibn-Habis asked the Prophet (SAWS) saying: Messenger of Allah! Hajj is to be performed annually or only once? He replied: Only once, and if anyone performs it more often, he performs a supererogatory act.” • (Reported by Abu-Dawud)

45. `Umrah is a highly recommended Sunnah: • Allah says: • ﴿وَأَتِمُّوا الْحَجَّ وَالْعُمْرَةَ لِلَّهِ﴾ • [البقرة: 196]

46. This means: • “And perform properly (i.e. all the ceremonies according to the ways of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)) the Hajj and 'Umrah (i.e. the pilgrimage to Makkah) for Allah.” • (Al-Baqarah: 196)

47. Hajj and `Umrah are recommended: • “The Messenger of Allah (SAWS) was asked: Which of the deeds is the best? He replied: Faith in Allah and his Messenger. It was said: What is next? He replied: Striving in the Cause of Allah. It was said: What is thereafter? He replied: An accepted Hajj.” • (Reported by al-Bukhariyy and Muslim)

48. The Messenger of Allah (SAWS) said: • “Whoever performs Hajj without talking indecently or committing any fault returns from the Hajj as the day on which his mother gave birth to him (i.e. free from sins).” • (Reported by al-Bukhariyy and Muslim)

49. The Messenger of Allah (SAWS) said: • “Hajj which is accepted will receive no reward other than Paradise.” • (Reported by al-Bukhariyy and Muslim)

50. `A’ishah (RA) narrated: • “I requested the Prophet to permit me to participate in Jihad, but he said, "Your Jihad is the performance of Hajj.” • (Reported by Muslim)