Business Computing

1. Business Computing Computing:- Computing applies a set of techniques on data/ instructions to define and solve problems pertaining to a specific information-based task. Business Computing:-Computing applied to solve business related problems, is known as business computing. Open Source Software is a part of business computing.

2. Business Application Areas (a) Payroll Processing (b) inventory control system:- Inventory is the means by which items are identified priced and tracked .Inventory control Management system is designed to maintain the optimum inventory levels , control, Inventory costs and track merchandise movement .It provides the tools needed to minimize Inventory levels and out-of-stock conditions and maximize valuable management Information and profitability.

3. Terminology • OSS:-Open Source Software • OSI:-Open Source Initiative • FLOSS:-Free Libre/ Livre and Open Source Software • FSF:-Free Software Foundation • GNU:- GNU’s Not Unix • W3C:- World Wide Web Consortium • LAMP:-Linux Apache MySQL and PHP • OLTP:-On-Line Transaction Processing

4. OOo:-OpenOffice.org • HTTP:- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol • PHP:-Hypertext Pre-Processor • GPL:- General Public License Information System Terminology : • TPS:-Transaction Processing System • MIS:- Management Information System • DSS:-Decision Support System • ESS:-Executive Support System • HRDS: Human Resource Development System

5. Definitions • OSS:- OSS refers to Open Source Software, which is modifiable, redistributable software. But it may not be free of charge. • FLOSS :- FLOSS refers to free Libre and Open Source Software or to Free Livre and Open Source Software. He term FLOSS is used to refer to a software which is both free • Software as well as open source software • GNU :- GNU refer to understand the role of GNU in free and open source software ,gnu project emphasizes on freedom and thus its logotype show a gnu , an animal living in freedom

6. Freeware :-The term freeware has no clear definition ,but is generally used for software , which is Available free of cost and which allows copying and further distribution but not modification those source code is not available .Freeware should not be mistaken for open software or for Free software. • Shareware:- Shareware is software is made Available with the right to redistribute copies, but it is stipulated that if one intends to use the Software, often after a certain period of time , then a license fee should be paid

7. Free Software:- Free Software means the software is freely accessible and can be freely used, changed and distributed by all who wish to do so. Open source software is different from free software in the sense that it does not have free of charge. • The Differences Between Hardware, Software And Firmware:- Hardware are the physical tangible components of a computer system. Software are the computer programs that govern the operation of computers. Firmware are the prewritten programs permanently stored in read-only memory. These configure the computer and are not easily modifiable by the user.

8. SDLC • SDLC:- system development life cycle is the traditional system development methodology which consists of these activities: • I) Preliminary Study. • ii) Feasibility Study. • iii) Investigation& Fact Recording. • iv) Analysis. • v) Design. • vi) Implementation And • viii) Maintenance And Review.

9. Preliminary study:- it is concern with determining whether or not the new system should be developed. • Feasibility study: -it determines whether the whole process of system development is worth the effort for organization or not. it studies the new system’s feasibility in term of technical , operational and economical performance. • Analysis: - it begins with gathering information using any of these technical methods: interviewing, questionaries,on-site observation,sampling etc. • System design:- it concern with designing of various elements like outputs,procedures,inputs,files etc.

10. DATABASE CONCEPTS Definition:- • Database:- A database is a collection of interrelated data stored together to serve multiple applications; • Database Management System (DBMS):-Database management system is basically record computer based record keeping system. • Advantage of DBMS:- Database systems help:- 1. ReduceData Redundancy, 2. Controlled Data Inconsistency, 3. Facilitate To Sharing Of Data, 4. Standardization Of Data, 5. Data Security. 6. Integrated Data.

11. Definition of Keys • Primary Key:-A primary key is a set of one or more attributes that can uniquely identify tuples (rows) within the relation/table. For example, Roll_no# is a primary key of “student_rec” table. • Candidate Key:- All attributes combines inside a relation that can serve as a primary key are Candidate Keys as they are candidates for the primary key position. • Alternative Key:- A candidate key that is not the primary key is called an alternative key. For example, student_name is a alternative key in “student_rec” table. • Foreign Key:- A non key attribute, whose values are derived from the primary key of some other table, is known as Foreign Key in its current table. • Referential Integrity:-Referential Integrity is a system of rules that a DBMS uses to ensure that relationships between records in related tables are valid, and that users don’t accidentally delete or change related data.

12. View:-View is a (virtual) table that does not really exist in its own right but it is instead derived from one or more underlying base table(s).Views are like windows through which you view desired information that is actually stored in a base table. Normalization:- Normalization is the process of transformation of the conceptual schema (logical data structures) of the database into a computer representable from. In other words, the normalization process helps in attaining good database design thereby avoiding undesirable things like repetition of information, inability to represent information, loss of information etc.

13. Type of Normalization • First Normalization:- A relation R is in first normal form(1NF) if and only if all underlying domains of the relation contain atomic (indivisible ) values. • I-NF perform following:- • Removing all repeating groups form the relation. • Decompose non-atomic attributes to atomic attributes. • All key attributes defined and all attributes depends on primary key. Fig.—

14. J K ( K is functionally dependent) J L ( L is no functionally dependent on J) • Second Normal Form (2NF):-A relation R is in Second Normal Form(2NF) if and only if it is 1NF and every non key attribute is fully dependent on the primary key. 2NF perform following:- • In I-NF. • Includes no partial dependencies. • Still possible to exhibit transitive dependencies. Fig.—

15. Third Normal Form (3NF):-A relation R is in Third Normal Form(3NF) if and only if it is 2NF and every non key attribute is non transitively dependent upon the primary key. • 2NF perform following:- • In 2-NF. • Contains no transitive dependencies

16. Boyce - Codd Normal Form (BCNF):-A relation R is in Boyce - Codd Normal Form(2NF) if and only if it is 3NF and all of its determinants are candidate keys . • BCNF perform following:- • In 3NF. • Every determinant in the table is a candidate key.

17. Advantage of Normalization • It reduces data redundancies. • It help eliminate data anomalies. • It produces controlled redundancies to link tables. Need of Normalization:- Normalization is needs for :- • Most databases to grow by adding new attributes and new relations. • For improving a efficiency of database. • Minimizing the need for rewriting the application programs (Front end)

18. DDLC • DDLC refers to Database Development Life Cycle. It is the set of activities that are carried out to develop and implement databases The stages of DDLC can be summarized as following :- • Information Collection • Conceptual Data Modeling • Logical Data Modeling • Physical Data Modeling and Refinement • Data base Installation

19. Data Base Management System • Entity Relationship (ER) model : ER model is a high level conceptual model that describes data as entities, attributes and relationships. • Entity : It is an object that exists and is distinguishable from other objects. • Dependent Entity : An entity that depends upon other entity for its existence. It is also called weak entity. • Strong Entity : An entity that can exist on its own and does not depend upon other entities for its existence. • Attribute : An attribute is a property of a given entity. • Composite Attribute : An attribute which is a group of properties that can be decomposed further, is called composite attribute. • Sub entities And Super entities:-A subentity (or subtype) is dependent entity of a superentity. And the attributes of the superentity always apply to all its subentites but the converse is not true

20. Single-Valued and Multi-Valued attributes:- Attribute can either be single-valued if they are capable of storing single value or multi-valued if they are capable of storing multiple values. Example: Class, Roll_No are Single Valued Attributes but Subject is a multi valued attribute. • Schema:- it is the collection of database objects of a user. • Schema objects:- these are the logical structures that directly refer to the database’s data. • Relation. A relation is a table having atomic values, unique rows and unordered rows and columns. • Tuple. A row in a relation is known as tuple. • Relationship : It is an association among several entities

21. DFD • Flow Chart : Graphical representation of an operation or a process is called a flow chart. • Process Chart : A process chart is a chart enlisting each step of the process alongwith its activity type, time taken and volume involved. • Data Flow Diagram (DFD) : Graphical representation of a system’s data and how the process transform the data is known as Data Flow Diagram (DFD). • Decision Table : A decision table is a chart with four sections listing all logical conditions and actions in a system. • Decision Tree : It is a diagram that lists conditions and corresponding actions in the form of a tree with branches. • Purpose of DFD Data flow diagram is a diagram used for depicting data flows taking place in the system. Data flow analysis helps one determine the activities that make up a system, what data are stored and what data enter and leave the system.

22. Parts of decision table & function of each part in one line. The four parts of decision table are :- • Condition stub : It displays all the necessary tests or conditions. • Action stub : It lists all the processes involved in a decision table. • Condition Entries : It displays all possible permutations of Yes and No responses related to Condition stub. • Action Entries : It indicates via dot or X whether something should happen in a decision table.

23. Enrols STUDENT COURSE Headed by FACULTY MEMBER DEPARTMENT Type of Relationship • One to One :-A department is headed by a faculty member • One to Many:- A student enrolls for various courses in a college • Many to One • Many to Many

24. Difference between ER Modeling and Object Modeling techniques.

25. ADVANCED DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES • Data Warehouse (DW) : The Data warehouse is a system for storing and delivering massive quantities of data. It is a centralized data repository that stores and provides already transformed and summarized dat, therefore, making it an appropriate environment for more efficient DSS and EIS applications. • Metadata : Metadata is data about data. The information that describes the model and definition of the source data elements is called Metadata. • Data Dictionary : It is a data about data and database structures i.e. the metadata. • Data Mining : It refers to the extraction of hidden predictive information patterns from large databases.

26. Object Modeling: The object modeling refers to building models and performing activities to deploy a good object-oriented sytem. • Object : An object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour. • Class : A class represents a group of objects that share common properties and relationships.

27. Data abstraction:- Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details for explanations. • Encapsulation:-The wrapping up of data and functions (that operate on the data) into a single unit is called as Encapsulation. • OMT:- OMT is an object building techniques used to perform OOAD (Object Oriented Analysis and Design).

28. Different b/w conceptual data modeling of and logical data modeling of DDLC Conceptual data modeling produces a data model as per client’s observations. It represents the client’s world-view.Logical data modeling, on the other hand, refines the conceptual model by applying various refinement techniques so that actual relations schema is ready, which will eventually be converted and stored in the database.

29. UML UML stands for Unified Modeling Language, which is an open and industry standard visual modeling language for object-oriented systems

30. Front End and Back End:- • Front End:- A front end refers to the client side end i.e. the end at which request is mad. Some popular front end software are:- • Visual Basic (VB) • ASP (Active Server Page) • Visual C++ • Power builder • MS-Access • Back End:-A Back End refers to the server side, where the client requests are processed. Some popular back end software are:- • SQL Server. • Oracle • Sybase • My SQL etc.

31. Front End & Back End Figures

32. Client/Server Computing Client/server computing represent a model wherein request are made in one a end i.e client end and the services are provided at another end i.e the server end. Client: - the client is defined as a requested of services and the server is defined as the provider of the services. Two of Client:- • Thin client • Fat Client

33. Computing Model • 2-tier Computing Model :- The 2-tier computing model consists of a client tier and a database server tier. Processing tasks and application logic are shared between the database server and the client • 3-tier Computing Model:- In a three-tier computing model there exist three tiers:- • client tier • (ii) middle tier and • (iii) database server tier. The middle tier consists of application server that contains the bulk of the application logic

34. SQL( Structured Query Language) • First Commercial SQL was released in 1979 by Relational Software Incorporation (RSI) which is today known as Oracle Corporation. Thus, Oracle is the pioneer RDBMS that started using SQL. • Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language that enables you to create and operate on relational databases. • The Original version of SQL was developed by IBM’s San Jose Research Laboratory (Now Almanden Research Center ). SQL, originally called “Sequel” was implemented as a part of System R Project in early 1970s. The “Sequel” name changed to SQL. • In 1986, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) published an SQL standard that was updated again in 1992. • SQL has clearly established itself as the standard relational database language. • SQL is the set of commands that is recognized by nearly all RDBMSs.