Daylighting: Accident or Technology?

1. Daylighting: Accident or Technology? Marc SchilerSchiler & Associates / University of Southern California

2. TechnicalApproach to Natural Lighting • Provide the light: • Building plan, section and orientation • Fenestration location and sizing • Lighting circuits and controls • Balance the availability of natural light • Shutoff in stages • Sensors • Occupancy sensors • Photosensors

3. Aesthetic Approach to Natural Lighting • Provide the space: • Building plan, section and orientation • Fenestration location and sizing • Colors, reflective forms and gradation • Show the sensuous nature of the space • Reinforce the design concept and parti • Reinforce the function • Avoid glare • Provide visual terminus(humans are phototropic)

4. Five Topics: • Topic One: Technical • Concepts and Strategies • Topic Two: Aesthetic • Examples and Images • Topic Three: Models • Simulating Daylight with Physical Models • Topic Four: Calculations • Rules of Thumb and Calculations • Topic Five: Equipment • Sensors and Controls

5. Topic One • Technical: Concepts and Strategies

6. Agenda for Topic One • Benefits • Strategies and Elements • Definition of Terms • Design Guidelines

7. Benefits • Quantitative • Cost savings for user • Peak Reduction • Sustainability • Qualitative • Color Rendering • Productivity • Connection

8. Prototype Strategies • Foot Prints • Clerestories • Sawtooth • Skylights • Light Shelves • Atria • Exotica

9. Foot Prints

10. Clerestories

11. Sawtooth

12. Skylights • Caveat: • Lower winter angles = less light • Higher summer angles = more heat

13. Light Shelves

14. Light Pipes

15. Atria / Light Wells

16. Fresnel Lenses and Holographic Films

17. Design Guidelines • Basic Principles • illuminance vs. luminance • Glare • discomfort glare vs. veiling reflections • Vertical vs. Horizontal • Tips • Bring it in high • Bounce it or filter it • Control it • Harvest it

18. Vertical vs. Horizontal • Solar Control vs. Lighting per glazing area • more light from horizontal glazing, more heat gain in summer, less heat gain in winter • less light from vertical, better distribution, overhang controls for southern orientations, fins for eastern and western orientations (and northern)

19. Single Story • Warehouses • Supermarkets Bldgs. • Light Industrial • Suburban sites

20. Multiple Story • Offices • City Bldgs. • Urban sites

21. Summary (of Topic One) • Strategies and design elements • Design “Tips”

22. Break • Take a break • Stretch your legs • Get some coffee • Get rid of some coffee • Call home

23. Daylighting: Accident or Technology? Marc SchilerSchiler & Associates / University of Southern California

24. Topic Two: Aesthetics • Classics • Older buildings with natural lighting often stand the test of time very well. • Current Examples • Newer buildings enjoy the technique and the technical.

25. Good Examples, Old to New • St. Gallen Abbey Library, Peter Thumb • Bradbury Building • Ventura Coastal Building by Scott Ellinwood • Mt. Airy Library by Ed Mazria • Boy’s / Ralph’s Supermarket • Lyons School of Architecture by Jourda and Peroudin

26. Examples for Varying Functions and Climates • Arab Center, Paris, Jean Nouvel • Episcopal Church, Phoenix • MIT Chapel, Boston, Aero Saarinen • Wells Branch Bank, Minnesota • BRF Office Building, Copenhagen

27. More Examples • Crystal Cathedral, Philip Johnson • North Jutland Art Museum, Alvar Aalto • Menil by Renzo Piano • Kimbell Museum, Louis Kahn • Ronchamps, Le Corbusier • La Tourette, Le Corbusier

28. Note - • The preceding three pages refer to 35mm slide collections of each building.

29. Summary of Part Two • The greatest designs include natural lighting. • Natural light saves energy • Natural light can project in dramatic fashion • Natural light can be bounced and diffused to fill a space • This has proven true throughout history • Rather than fight the architecture, we wish to work with the architecture in the designing the natural and “artificial” lighting to work together.

30. Daylighting: Accident or Technology? Marc SchilerSchiler & Associates / University of Southern California

31. Topic Three: Models • Using Scale Models to Study Light Distribution

32. Daylight Harvesting • Provide the light: • Building plan and orientation • Fenestration location and sizing • Test the design • Physical models • Computer simulations • Lighting circuits and controls • Balance the availability of natural light • Occupancy sensors, Photosensors

33. Agenda for Topic Three • Scales • Examples • Model Craft • Measurement • Photography • Computations

34. Scale #1 - Quick and Dirty • Simple question: • skylight in middle or by the wall? • horizontal skylight or monitor? • eyeball assessment of question • Small Scale: • 1/16”=1’-0” to 1/2” = 1’-0” or about 1:200 to 1:20

35. Quick and Dirty (cont’d) • Construction • time: one hour or less • foamcore or chipboard, approximate reflectances • tacky glue, masking tape or even pins • scissors, scrap materials at hand • Time and cost • 1/2 hour, $0 - $20

36. Scale #2 - Developmental • Developmental issues: • Sizing issues: “How big should the skylight be?” • Placement/Light distribution: “How close to the wall?” • Details: “How wide or deep should the light well be?” • Actual measurements taken at different times and seasons • Middle Scale: • 1” = 1’-0” or about 1:10

37. Developmental (cont’d) • Construction • Correct reflectances, some details like baseboards • simple furniture, critical objects to be lit • more detail, such as mullions to show shadow patterns • specular and diffuse surfaces are differentiated • Time and cost • 2 to 4 hours, $30 - $100

38. Scale #3 - Presentation • Qualitative issues: • Calibration against existing space to test proposed renovations • Color interaction, mood, ambience, personal reactions • Search for glare sources, veiling reflections • Photographs taken at different times and seasons • Large Scale: • 2” = 1’-0” or about 1:5 or larger

39. Presentation (cont’d) • Construction • Correct colors, complete details like return air grills, blackboards • Complete furniture, with simulated textures • Ceiling treatments, light fixtures, ducts • Dirty surfaces, where appropriate • Time and cost • 20 to 100+ hours, $100+

40. Review - Solar Angles • Altitude • Azimuth

41. Solar Gnomons • One for each latitude, gnomon at correct height • Glued to model in relation to model compass • Manipulated to get shadow in the correct position • Azimuth first • Altitude second

42. Solar Gnomon Example 1

43. Model Craft • Joints must be sealed • electrical tape, or aluminum foil taped over all corners and seams • Walls must be opaque • construction paper, opaque internal surface treatments glued to internal surfaces • aluminum foil covering all exterior surfaces (exception: any surface which might reflect light into the model, such as a roof adjacent to a roof monitor or sawtooth)

44. Model Craft (cont’d) • Replaceable parts or oversized parts • Whatever is being tested should fit into a light-leak-proof slot • Prepare modules for each variation in developmental or presentation models • In some cases, testing skylight placement can be done by making an oversize roof, and then sliding it around so that the skylight sits over different areas. One roof and skylight can then simulate many positions without any cutting.

45. Model Craft (cont’d) • Portholes for measurement • allow access for meters and wires, if necessary, and cover the hole if it is possible to read the meter from somewhere else. • if necessary, cut holes in the floor to allow the meter surface to be at the workplane height in the scale of the model

46. Model Craft (cont’d) • Portholes for photography • plan the access for the camera from the desired viewpoints • place portholes at in scale eye position, e.g. 5’-3” in model scale • if multiple views are desired, cover portholes with scale blackboards or paintings so that one porthole is not visible from the other camera angle

47. Review - Measurement • Footcandle or Lux • Suggested Daylight Factors (DF) • What the heck is a daylight factor? Ein / Eext hor

48. Measurement Procedures • Grid Record Sheet • Draw a grid of expected measurement points on a sheet of paper, along with headers recording actual time of day and simulated time of day • Xerox enough copies of the sheet for different date or design variations • Record each set of readings onto separate sheets

49. Measurement (cont’d) • Don’t let light in over your shoulder • shade the meters from direct beam for DF values • Don’t let light in through the measurement port (it screws up the measurement) • put a shroud over your head, and tape it to the model, if necessary (black plastic trash bag, double thick, is usually sufficient)

50. Measurement (cont’d) • Do let light in over your shoulder! • when measuring through the active window, be sure that your body stays below the field of view of the window and the meter • don’t shade the meters from direct beam for absolute values