DEBATE

1. DEBATE

2. Debate sequencing • OPENING • Affirmative Person 1 • Negative Person 1 • SPEECH (Mostly factual/teaching info) • Affirmative Person 2 • Negative Person 1 • SPEECH (Some factual + emotional) • Affirmative Person 1 • Negative Person 2 • CLOSING • Affirmative Person 2 • Negative Person 2 • REFUTATION (Teams can address each other) • AUDIENCE QUESTIONS

3. Topics • We will pick topics on Wednesday, 2/22 • Round 1: Random draw of names • Pick your debate topic • Pick affirmative or negative • Then line-up to choose additional topics

4. Order of Debates • We will set debate schedule (order of debates) on Thursday, 2/23. • I will choose first debate • We will then draw numbers • Watch for back-to-back conflicts • Try to rotate tough/technical topics with silly/fun topics. • For each day of debate, the next topic PLUS the NEXT TWO topics should be prepared to present.

5. Research • Topics chosen & order set by 2/23, so • BEGIN YOUR RESEARCH! • Non-verbal Communication 2/24-2/28 • We may have Library/Lab time 2/24-2/28??? • I will be gone 2/29-3/2, debate video during class. • Prep time Mon 3/5-Wed 3/7 • Debates begin Thursday, 3/8 • NOBODY MAY LEAVE CLASS OR RESEARCH DURING CLASS ONCE DEBATES START

6. Assignments • Debate 1 250 pts • Debate 2 250 pts • Debate 3 & up extra credit worth half • Two highest scores will count as Deb 1 & 2 • Questions 100 pts • Questions worth 0-5 pts • Judging 100 pts • Up to 20 pts per judging

7. Scoring • Citing Sources • Vocal Tones • Delivery style • Eye contact, posture, etc • Content • Appropriate Visuals

8. Definitions • Negotiation: a cooperative relationship in which both sides want to reach an agreement. • Debate: a more formal way of solving problems; an important method of solving problems in a democracy; from Latin word meaning “to battle”

9. Why Negotiate? • Best friend wants to borrow money from you, but amount is more than you can afford; friend gets angry. • Father insists you wash the car every Saturday, but older brother has no chores. • Curfew is an hour earlier than any of your friends.

10. Techniques of Negotiation • Be Positive • Avoid negative words (from How to Say It at Work, list of 50 words to avoid on pg. 458) • Use Three-Part Messages • When you (x), I feel (x) because (x) • “Stop Talking so I can get a word in edgewise” VS. • “When you don’t do your homework, I feel disappointed because you don’t learn what you need to know.” • Be Prepared • Do the research; know the facts before opening your mouth • Talking “from the seat of your pants” or “off the top of your head” rarely impresses anyone • Have alternatives in mind • Know as much as possible about the position of the other party. • Tell the Truth • Your reputation is built on your integrity (you are true to yourself). • You should never sacrifice your values or standards to achieve your negotiation goals.

11. Advantages of Debate • Career • Moving to a position of higher responsibility often depends on your ability to persuade people. • Managers and co-workers will challenge your opinions and you’ll have to think quickly and improvise rather than rely solely on prepared remarks. • Helping Others • Learn to narrow issues so they can be examined and analyzed one at a time. • Learn how to present logical, well-supported arguments and how to find and oint out errors in other arguments. • As a Voter • Become a more effective evaluator of arguments, more analytical listener • As a Citizen • Feeling comfortable standing up at a school board or city council meeting to offer solutions to problems.

12. Debate Terminology • Proposition • Statement of the point to be debated; a fact, belief, or a recommendation to do something. • Very careful of wording as each word can have a major influence • Resolution • Formally statement of opinion introducing the proposition • Affirmative • Yes, the statement is true • Negative • No, the statement is false • Status Quo • The way things are now • Opposite is “Change” • Burden of Proof • In formal debate, BoP is on the debater arguing the affirmative, must prove there is a problem with the status quo

13. Debate Terminology • Argument • A reason for favoring your side of the proposition. • The facts that support the reason • Evidence • Information that helps you prove something • Facts, statements, reports, quotes, etc. • Refute • To show that something is wrong or false • Attacking your opponent’s argument • Rebuttal • Speech that contradicts an earlier statement • Countering your opponent’s attacks on your arguments so you can rebuild your argument. • Example on page. 472

14. Strategy pg. 474 • Work Hard • Anticipate • Build a Sound Case • Listen • Take Notes • Speak Clearly & Logically

15. Test Your Evidence • Is your support recent? • Is there corroborative support? • Are the sources unbiased?

16. ReasoningSpecific to Generalization • Were enough specific instances examined? • Larger the group covered by your conclusion, the greater the number of specific instances you should examine • Were the specific instances examined representative of the entire group? • To draw conclusions about the entire group, examine specific instances from subgroups • Were there any significant exceptions? • Hiding S.E. is dishonest and will cause audience to discredit your p.o.v. since they probably know the exception

17. Analogies • Provide a change of pace and build a sense of suspense • Can underline a basic truth with a seemingly lighthearted moment • Using an example from daily life puts every member of the audience directly into the story as well as humanizing yourself.

18. Analogies • Most effective when: • Cases used are alike in essential respects • Cases used have differences which do not make a significant difference • Similarities in the cases are stressed • Importance of differences are minimized • Differences are confronted squarely

19. ReasoningCause to Effect.or.Effect to Cause • Example: • X results from Y • And since X is undesirable • Y should be eliminated • OR • X results from Y • And since X is desirable • Y should be encouraged

20. Test Reasoning from Causes and Effects Before Using • Might other causes be producing the observed effect? • If two things occur together – what is the cause and what is the effect? • Is the evidence causal or merely a time sequence?

21. Recognizing Faulty Reasoning • Emotionalism • Speakers appeal to your feelings rather than to your intellect • Unsupported Assertions • Speakers may state a conclusion without offering proof • Generalizing from insufficient evidence • A general conclusion must be founded on a sufficient number of typical instances • Begging the Question • Speakers state as a conclusion that which needs to be proven

22. Recognizing Faulty Reasoning • Personal Attacks • Speakers attack opponents instead of responding to the arguments • Scapegoats • Speakers hold an individual or group responsible for our troubles • Bandwagon • Speakers appeal to the tendency to “go along with the crow” or “what is popular.” • Diversion or “the red herring device” • Speakers do not respond to a charge, they launch an attack of their own by leading our attention to something different.

23. Recognizing Faulty Reasoning • Straw Man • Speaker restates only part of the opponents case and dismantles that part, thereby appearing to dismantle the whole case • Falsehoods • Speakers use big lies, half-truths, distortions, and the suppression of essential information to deceive listeners. • Speaker’s personality may affect your willingness or reluctance to accept what is said.