Decline of Ottomans and Qing China

1. Decline of Ottomans and Qing China Chapter 26

2. I. Introduction • China • Declined and reemerged… and declined again • China continued its cycle of prosperity and decline • Nomads were a problem • Period of general prosperity under the Manchu nomads • Greatly declined due to outside influences • Numerous rebellions and uprisings erupted near the end of reign

3. I. Introduction • Ottoman Empire • Prosperous 400 + years • Started loosing territory in early 17th century • Went through numerous reforms to try to stop the decline

4. II. Ottoman Empire • Ottoman empire suffered from weak rulers • Janissaries and religious leaders tried to gain more power • Ayan (wealthy land-owners) cheated sultans • Europeans brought decline of merchants • Decreased treasury • Couldn’t pay soldiers and buy supplies

5. II. Ottoman Empire • Europeans take over outer boundaries • Russian gain warm water port on Black Sea • Revolts in Greece, Serbia and Balkans • Dominance in the Mediterranean Sea • Attempts at reforms • Power struggle between types of reforms • Religious and social changes competed • Some preferred to go back to traditional religious values and rule • Westernization- ambassadors, military and politics

6. II. Ottoman Empire • Reformers • Sultan Selim III • Improve administration • Angered bureaucracy • New Army and Navy- angered Janissaries • Overthrown by Janissaries in 1807

7. II. Ottoman Empire • Sultan Mahmud II • Built small well trained private army • Wiped out Janissaries • Agents incited mutiny-Janissaries riot- Slaughtered with their families in the streets • Expanded and Westernized military • European advisors • Creates ambassadors to Europe • Ulama- pushed for traditional theocracy

8. II. Ottoman Empire • Tansimat reforms (1839-1876) • Westernized Education • Postal Office, Telegraph and Railroads • Removed tariffs- destroyed merchants/artisans • Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) • Tried to restrict power of others • Despotic Absolutism • Restricted civil liberties- killed/tortured dissidents • Still westernized army and built rail between Baghdad and Berlin

9. II. Ottoman Empire • Ottoman Society for Union and Progress • Paris in 1889 • Political agitators- young Turks • Started to overthrow sultanate but became divided • Then WWI distracted them • Eventually called the “Sick man of Europe”

10. III. Egypt and Sudan • Tried to reverse decline of Ottoman empire • Egypt • Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 • Not interested in Egypt but India • Slaughtered Mamluk forces • Murad underestimated the French • Had to retreat due to British destroying French fleet

11. III. Egypt and Sudan • Muhammad Ali (1801) • Reformed military • French officers, French tactics and weapons and conscription of peasants • Told peasants to work harder to pay for military • Descendants- Khedives- 1952

12. III. Egypt and Sudan • Europeans cause more problems for Egypt • Push for Cotton • Europeans loaned numerous amounts to Khedives • Couldn’t manage their money • Pushed for the building of the Suez Canal

13. III. Egypt and Sudan • Al Afghani (1839-1897)and Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) • Pushed for borrowing technology from Europe • Argued that the Europeans became great due to Islamic innovation • Qur’an is not the only source of all truth • Ahmad Orabi • Led a revolt in 1882 due to dismissal of Egyptian soldiers • Khedives helped by British and crushed Orabi’s forces

14. III. Egypt and Sudan • Mahdi • Muhammad Achmad declared Mahdi (deliverer) • Jihad on “corrupt” Egyptians and Europeans • KhalifaAbdalli • Took over after Muhammad died of Typhus • Forbade drinking, smoking and dancing • Strict punishment for immorality • Continued Jihad until General Kitchener slaughtered the Mahdi forces at the battle of Omdurman (1898)

15. IV. Last Chinese Dynasty • Manchu nomads consistently raided northern China but were not united • Nurhaci (1559-1626) • United tribes and formed the banner armies • Conquered Manchuria • Reorganized the Manchu to follow Chinese rule/culture

16. IV. Last Chinese Dynasty • Qing Empire • Ming Dynasty was weak and asked Manchus to help fight rebellion • Big Mistake • Conquered in 1644 • Manchu rule • Kept civil service exam • Pardoned rebels from early conquest • Adopted Confucian rituals • Son of Heaven Ideology • Patrons of arts and Confucianism (Kangxi)

17. IV. Last Chinese Dynasty • Qing society • Hierarchal ranking • Women not as valuable • Infantcide • Tried to help farmers/peasants • 10% of budget to repairing/building dikes, canals, roads and irrigation • Diversified crops • Tea • Brought large amounts of European silver in economy • Compradors- wealthy merchant class

18. IV. Last Chinese Dynasty • Qing Decline • Corruption • Cheating on exams • Bureaucracy based on who you know and not what you know • Money went to wealthy and not military • Dikes, irrigation and roads crumbled • Famine and disease

19. IV. Last Chinese Dynasty • Opium • Huge cash crop from India • Way to turn the tides of European bullion going into China • Huge amounts left china • 1% addicted • Chinese tried to outlaw- didn’t work • Lin Zexu- enforced laws • Opium War 1839-1841 • British won and increase Opium trade • Later forced open trade and diplomatic exchange

21. IV. Last Chinese Dynasty • Rebellions • Taiping Rebellion • Hong Xiuquan • Massive rebellion in south (1850-1864) • Attacked Confucianism and scholar-gentry • Influenced Self-strengthening movement • Westernization of Chinese infrastructure • Boxer Rebellion 1898-1901 • Sought to rid China of European influence • Attacked foreigners and their religions • Put down by the British • Eventually collapsed in 1911 when a republic was established

22. V. Conclusion • China no longer was ruled by a dynasty • Ottoman empire continued decline until it occupied only modern day Turkey • Westernization of China and Muslim world