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EGPA 2013 – Public Governance of Societal Sectors

Co-management in community policing How far Swiss citizens and community policing officers wish to get involved in neighborhoods security partnership ?. EGPA 2013 – Public Governance of Societal Sectors. Dr. Julien Niklaus. Brief review of literature (I).

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EGPA 2013 – Public Governance of Societal Sectors

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  1. Co-management in communitypolicingHow far Swisscitizens and communitypolicingofficerswish to getinvolved in neighborhoodssecuritypartnership? EGPA 2013 – Public Governance of SocietalSectors Dr. Julien Niklaus

  2. Brief review of literature (I) • Only few studies have focused specifically on citizen involvement in public security. • Outstanding research in the USA: • Grinc(1994): The individuals interviewed do not wish to participate. Main reasons: conflicts between association leaders and residents regarding problems, solutions and delegation of tasks. • Skogan(1995, 2000): Individuals participating in social networks at large ("networked people") are more involved. The author shows that the creation of "Advisory Committees" within neighborhoods encourages participation.

  3. (II) • Outstanding research in France and Switzerland: • Borzeix et al (in Wyvekens, 2008): Distinguish three types of participation: • «Lownoise» participation (avoidancestrategy) • The “open”participation (acting positively on the treatment of antisocial behaviors and incivilities) • “Mixed”participation (by undertaking informal neighborhood meetings) • Baglioni (2004) analysis of social capital and civic engagement: • The "activists" (association members) develop more trust in others and in institutions that the “population” (non members of associations). The study shows that in Switzerland the police is the institution in which citizens give the most confidence.

  4. Contribution goals This contribution has four main objectives: Evaluatewhatkind of action people want to conduct in terms of public safety and to whatdegree; 2. Definewhichcategoriesofcitizenswanttobeinvolved; 3. Assesswhethercommunitypolicingis open to includecitizens; 4. Process to an analysis by neighborhood of partnership and ​​fear of crime and evaluate possible congruences.

  5. Methodology • Quantitative part: • 3 Swisscitiessurveyed

  6. Construction of statistical indices • Three indices were constructed on the basis of sets of questions relating thereto: • Index of citizen participation in community/proximity activities (Cronbach’s α= .85) • Index of fear of crime (Cronbach’s α = .72) • Index of perception of the police (Cronbach’s α = .92) • These indices are then used to make contingency tables (and Chi-square) by crossing them with the explanatory variables but also averages by neighborhood (creation of maps).

  7. Qualitative part: • Six focus groups wereconductedwith the threestudiedcommunity polices (two in each police). Interviewdactors: • Field communitypolicingofficers • Chiefofficers  Obtainingthe mostcompletepicture possible.  Providing a "field vision" but also a more strategic vision of communitypolicing and the possibility to create a partnershipwithcitizens.

  8. Results and discussion • Whatkind of activities do citizenswant to conduct?

  9. Whatcategories of citizenswnat to participate in communityactivties? Young people Men Disadvantagedpeople People with an « intermediate » perception of the police Citizen participation Veryinsecure people

  10. Comparative analysis by neighborhood for each city City of Neuchâtel: citizens participation City of Neuchâtel: fear of crime

  11. City of La Chaux-de-Fonds: citizens participation City of La Chaux-de-Fonds: fear of crime

  12. City of La Riviera: citizens participation City of La Riviera: fear of crime 1.92 à 2.13 2.14 à 2.34 2.35 à 2.56 1.50 à 1.76 1.77 à 2.02 2.03 à 2.28

  13. Conclusion and research avenues • The co-production of services also seems feasible in the case of the police, including community policing. • Having highlighted the activities but also potential partners is a first step in the co-design and co-production of community/proximity security. • However, it is necessary to understand why certain groups of people do not (or less) wish to participate, through qualitative interviews (representing a limit of this research).

  14. References • BAGLIONI, S., 2004, Société civile et capital social en Suisse. Paris: L'Harmattan. • FERRARO, K. F., 1995, Fear of Crime: Interpretingvictimizationrisk. Albany: University of New York press. • GRINC, R. M., 1994, Angels in Marble: Problems in StimulatingCommunityInvolvement in CommunityPolicing. Crime and Delinquency, 40, 437-468. • JACKSON, J., GRAY, E., 2010, Functionalfear and public insecurities about crime. British Journal of Criminology, 50, 1-22. • ROCHÉ, S., 1993, Le sentiment d'insécurité. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. • SKOGAN, W. G., 1995, Community participation and communitypolicing, Evaluating Police Service Delivery. Montréal. • SKOGAN, W. G., HARTNETT, S., DUBOIS, J., COMEY, J., TWEDT-BELL, K., GUDELL, E., 2000, Public Involvement: CommunityPolicing in Chicago. Rockville: National Institute of Justice. • WYVEKENS, A., 2006, Espace public et sécurité. Problèmes politiques et sociaux (La documentation Française) (930), 1-120.

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