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Objectives

Objectives. Analyze the flow of energy through living systems. Compare the metabolism of autotrophs with that of heterotrophs. Describe the role of ATP in metabolism. Describe how energy is released from ATP. Energy in Living Systems.

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Objectives

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  1. Objectives • Analyze the flow of energy through living systems. • Compare the metabolism of autotrophs with that of heterotrophs. • Describe the role of ATP in metabolism. • Describe how energy is released from ATP.

  2. Energy in Living Systems • Directly or indirectly, almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism comes from the sun.

  3. Metabolism – using energy to build or break down molecules. • Photosynthesis – process of converting light energy into chemical energy. • If…. • Use energy from sunlight…. • Or… • Energy from chemical bonds…. • ….to make organic compounds (ex sugar), you are an autotrophs.

  4. If…. • ….get energy from consuming organic compounds.… • ….Heterotroph • Most organisms convert the organic compounds to energy by cellular respiration.

  5. Comparing Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

  6. What energy do cells want? • Energy released from food. • Some as heat. • Most stored temporarily in molecules of ATP. • ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE • Portable energy “currency” inside cells. • ATP delivers energy wherever needed in a cell.

  7. Chapter 5 Breakdown of Starch

  8. ATP • Energy in bonds holding phosphates together. • Energy released when bonds broken. • ATP (triphosphate) becomes ADP (diphosphate). H2O + ATP  ADP + P + energy

  9. ATP Releases Energy

  10. Comparing ADP with ATP

  11. Objectives • Summarize how energy is captured from sunlight in the first stage of photosynthesis. • Analyze the function of electron transport chains in the second stage of photosynthesis. • Relate the Calvin cycle to carbon dioxide fixation in the third stage of photosynthesis. • Identify three environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.

  12. Using the Energy in Sunlight The Stages of Photosynthesis • Stage 1 Energy captured from sunlight. • Stage 2 Light energy  chemical energy • ATP, NADPH • Stage 3 Chemical energy (ATP, NADPH) powers formation of organic compounds (sugars, starches) • Uses CO2

  13. Using the Energy in Sunlight • Photosynthesis Equation CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2 Carbon dioxide water sugars oxygen gas 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide water sugars oxygen gas

  14. Photosynthesis

  15. Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy • Sunlight contains all wavelengths (colors) of visible light • ROYGBIV

  16. Pigments • Light-absorbing pigments capture light. • High quantities in cells in leaves • Chlorophyll - primary pigment • absorbs mostly blue, red • reflects green (thus leaf is green) • 2 types • chlorophyll a • chlorophyll b

  17. Where does it happen? • Plant cells in leaves • Inside plant cell: chloroplast • Inside chloroplast: thylakoids

  18. Chlorophyll a and b

  19. Carotenoids • Secondary pigment • Fall leaf colors • Fruit, veggie, flower colors • Absorb diff’t light wavelengths • More light for photo

  20. Carotenoid

  21. Spectrum of Light and Plant Pigments

  22. Absorption Spectra of Photosynthetic Pigments

  23. Production of Oxygen • Pigments in disk-shaped thylakoids. • Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll. • Excited electrons leave chlorophyll. • Must be replaced. • H2O split by thylakoid. • Replacement electrons • H+ ions • O, combine to form O2 gas.

  24. Parts of a Chloroplast

  25. Stage Two: Conversion of Light Energy • Excited electrons used to make ATP/NADPH. • Excited electron jumps into molecule in thylakoid membrane. • Passed through series of molecules in membrane. • Called electron transport chain.

  26. Electron Transport Chains • 2 diff’t chains • One makes ATP • One makes NADPH • NADPH used to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in sugar.

  27. Electron Transport Chains of Photosynthesis

  28. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Electron Transport Train

  29. Stage Three: Storage of Energy • Carbon atoms from CO2 used to make sugar/starch. • Process called Calvin Cycle.

  30. Calvin Cycle • Series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions: Step 1 Each CO2 added to a 5-carbon compound by an enzyme. Step 2 Splits into two 3-carbon compounds. Step 3 One 3-carbon sugars used to make organic energy-storing compounds. Step 4 Other 3-carbon sugars used to regenerate initial 5-carbon compound, completing the cycle.

  31. Calvin Cycle

  32. Calvin Cycle

  33. Summary • Light-Dependent Reactions – use sunlight and H2O, makes ATP/NADPH and O2 • Calvin Cycle – uses ATP/NADPH and CO2, makes sugar

  34. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis • Various environmental factors. • Rate increases as light intensity increases. • Most efficient within a certain range of temperatures. • Cold temp’s destroy chlorophyll.

  35. Environmental Influences on Photosynthesis

  36. Cellular Respiration – Chap 9Objectives • Summarize how glucose is broken down in the first stage of cellular respiration. • Describe how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration. • Identify the role of fermentation in the second stage of cellular respiration. • Evaluate the importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration.

  37. Converting Light Energy to Chemical Energy

  38. Converting Light Energy to Chemical Energy

  39. Chapter 5 Cellular Energy • Most ATP made with O2 – aerobic. • Some ATP made w/out O2 – anaerobic.

  40. Chapter 5 • Cellular respiration – harvesting energy from organic compounds (usually glucose). C6H12O6 + 6O26CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose oxygen gas carbon dioxide water ATP

  41. Chapter 5 Stages • Stage 1 - Glucose  pyruvate (releases small amount of ATP / NADH). • Stage 2 • O2 present: pyruvate, NADH  LOT’S ATP • O2 absent: pyruvate  lactate or ethanol, CO2.

  42. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration

  43. Chapter 5 Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose Glycolysis • Glycolysis – breakdown of glucose. • H atoms given to NAD+, forming electron carrier NADH. • 2 ATP’s made

  44. Chapter 5 Glycolysis

  45. Stage Two: Production of ATP • When O2 present • Pyruvate  acetyl-CoA • Acetyl-CoA  Krebs Cycle  2 ATP • Krebs Cycle – produces electron carriers

  46. Krebs Cycle

  47. Stage Two: Production of ATP • When O2 present • Pyruvate  acetyl-CoA • Acetyl-CoA  Krebs Cycle  2 ATP • Krebs Cycle – produces electron carriers • Electron carriers  electron transport chain  up to 34 ATP

  48. Electron Transport Chain • Movement of electrons create concentration gradient of H+ ions. • Movement of H+ ions back across membrane through ATP Synthase. • Water wheel • UP TO 34 ATP MADE!!!

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