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Parts of the Presentation. Background II. Literary Structure III. Theology – Who is Jesus in Mark?. Hmmm…. Let us begin with the questions you have in mind about MARK. Who wrote the Gospel?. Who is Mark?. Mark is John Mark of Jerusalem. The son of a certain Mary.

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  1. Parts of the Presentation • Background II. Literary Structure III. Theology – Who is Jesus in Mark?

  2. Hmmm… Let us begin with the questions you have in mind about MARK.

  3. Who wrote the Gospel?

  4. Who is Mark? • Mark is John Mark of Jerusalem. • The son of a certain Mary. • Cousin of Barnabas. • Went with Paul and Barnabas in the first missionary journey of Paul. • He left the missionary group at Perga in Pamphylia and returned to Jerusalem.

  5. Mark became Peter’s interpreter. Some believed that Peter normally preached in Aramaic and Mark served as his Greek interpreter. In 1 Peter 5:13, Peter sends greetings from “my son Mark.”

  6. when and where? • If Luke used Mark as source of his Gospel, and if he completed Acts while Paul was in prison, then, Mark’s letter would be prior to this imprisonment in the mid to late 50s • Other Scholars prefer a date in the late 60s after Peter’s death • Still other scholars use the allusion in Mark 13:14 to date the gospel in Jerusalem after the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. Where: ROME

  7. What specific life situation prompted Mark to write? • HISTORICAL – As the original apostle’s began to pass from the scene, Mark sought to record for posterity the apostolic witness concerning Jesus.

  8. What specific life situation prompted Mark to write? • CHRISTOLOGICAL – Mark wrote to correct a false or inadequate view of Jesus being promoted by some in the Church. E.g. The heresy of Docetism which denied Jesus’ true humanity was responded by Mark with the stress on the Sacrificial death of Jesus. • PRACTICAL CALL TO CROSS-BEARING DISCIPLESHIP – He wrote to challenge His readers that true discipleship means following the path of Jesus through suffering to glory.

  9. How did the Church receive the Gospel of Mark? • The Church paid little attention to it because it was considered to be merely an abbreviated version of Matthew. Is this so until now? • In the 19th-20th centuries This view of the Gospel of Mark changed because it was found out that it was the first Gospel to be written.

  10. Let us take a closer look at the Gospel of Mark.

  11. 1:10 And immediately coming out of water, he saw the heavens opening and the Spirit like a dove descending to him. 1:12 And immediately the Spirit drives him to go out into the wilderness

  12. 1:18 And immediately leaving their nets, they followed him. 1:20 And immediately he called them and leaving their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired servants, they departed following him. 1:21And they go to Capernaum; and immediately on the Sabbath entering the synagogue he began to teach.

  13. 1:23 And immediately there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit ; and he cried out 1:28 And immediately the report about him went out everywhere into the whole region of Galilee 1:29 And immediately after coming out of the synagogue, they came into the house of Simon and Andrew with James and John.

  14. 1:30 Now Simon’s Mother-in-Law was lying sick with a fever; and immediately they are speaking to him about her. 1:42 And He immediately the leprosy left him and he was cleansed. 1:43 And he sternly warned him and immediately sent him away

  15. Based on your observation from some of the lines from the Gospel of Mark, what can you say about the way it was written?

  16. Jesus’ calming of the seaMark 4:36-38 How would you say this in another way? “Leaving the crowd, they are taking him along with them in the boat…. There is arising a fierce gale of wind… and they are waking him and saying to him…”

  17. LITERARY FEATURES Literary Style • Fast-moving narrative style • Fond of the Greek word euthyswhich means “immediately” • used present tense verbs to describe past actions

  18. Wallace states, “The reason for the use of the historical present is normally to portray an event vividly, as though the reader were in the midst of the scene as it unfolds”

  19. Literary devices common in Mark • Topical ordering of events • Intercalation • Triads • Irony

  20. Mark group events for rhetorical effect. Topical Ordering of Events 3. Jesus’ parables are similarly brought together to teach about the nature of the Kingdom (Mark 4:1-34) 1. Jesus ministry begins with a collection of healings and exorcisms (Mark 1:21-28, 29-31, 32-39, 40-45) Goal: to demonstrate Jesus’ authority 2. Series of controversy stories, the beginning of conflict with the religious leaders (Mark 2:1-12, 13-17, 18-22, 23-27;3:1-6) 4. A series of challenges and controversies brought by the religious leaders to trap Jesus (Mark 12:1-41 )

  21. It is the sandwiching of one event between the beginning and end of another. And the events are related to the same theme and serve to interpret one another Intercalation Example Symbolic Judgment against the Temple and its Sacrificial System 11:12-25 The withered fig tree is discovered Jesus cleanses the temple Jesus Curses a fig tree

  22. Intercalation Examples Models of True Discipleship 6:7-30 Jesus sends out the Twelve The Martyrdom of John the Baptist The twelve return The Beelzebub Controversy: Jesus Rejected by His “Own” 3:20-35 Jesus’ family arrives; he defines true spiritual relationships Jesus’ own family thinks he is crazy and comes to get him The religious leaders, representatives of his own people, reject him

  23. Intercalation Example The Importance of Faith 5:21-43 Request for healing by Jairus Healing of the woman with a blood disorder The raising of Jairus’ daughter Is sometimes used to contrast episodes. Jesus’s confession before the Sanhedrin is framed by Peter’s denial (14:53-72) so that Jesus’ faithfulness is set in contrast to Peter’s unfaithfulness

  24. Triads Mark is fond of patterns of three. He uses repetition to drive his point home. 2. In His eschatological sermon on the Mount of Olives, Jesus three times calls His disciples to alertness (13:33,35,37) and three times find them sleeping in Gethsemane (14:37, 40,41) 1. Three boat scenes illustrate the disciples lack of faith (4:35-41; 6:45-52; 8:14-21) 3. Peter denies Jesus three times (14: 68,70, 71) and three-hour intervals are mentioned during the crucifixion (15:25, 33, 34) Discipleship and Servant Leadership

  25. Irony It is the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite. Examples Mark 15:39 Though a religious elite of Israel reject Jesus as the Son of God, a Gentile centurion recognizes it. Mark 6:4 Only in his own town is the prophet without honor.

  26. Irony Examples Mark 6:4 Only in his own town is the prophet without honor. Mark 6:4 Only in his own town is the prophet without honor.

  27. Plot The plot is how the author arranges events to develop his basic idea;  It is the sequence of events in a story or play.  a)  Introduction - The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed. b)  Rising Action - This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed c)  Climax - This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story.  The reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not? d)  Falling action - The events and complications begin to resolve themselves.  e)  Denouement - This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story.

  28. Basic Plot Structure

  29. Introduction/Exposition Mark 1:1-13 The Preparation of The Son of God “The beginning of the Gospel about Jesus Christ, the Son of God” Mark 1:1 John The Baptist (prepared the way for Jesus Christ The coming of JESUS, the long-awaited Messianic King who will bring salvation to Israel. Tempted by Satan JESUS is baptized by John Embarks on the ministry of teaching, healing and exorcism

  30. Rising action Authoritative Ministry of the Son of God When Jesus calls the four fishermen to follow Him, they drop their nets and leave everything. 1:16-20 JESUS proclaims that salvation has arrived. “The time has come…the kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe the good news!” 1:15 People where amazed because Jesus taught “as one who had authority, not as the teachers of the law. (1:22,27) JESUS claims prerogatives normally attributed to God alone. He forgives sins (2:5) Discerns thoughts of his opponents (2:8) Claim’s lordship over Sabbath (2:28) Annuls Old Testament dietary laws (7:18-19)

  31. Rising action The Miracle-Working Messiah JESUS exercises authority over natural and supernatural enemies alike, healing the sick, casting out demons, even raising the dead. He controls the forces of nature, calming the storm and feeding thousands with a few loaves and fishes To gain popularity To demonstrate that he is acting and speaking through the authority of God The narrator enhances this sense of authority by noting the awed reactions of those who encountered Jesus.

  32. Rising action Secrecy motif: The Messianic Secret Jesus repeatedly commands silence from those around him . He silences demons who try to announce his identity (1:24-25,34;3:11-12;5:7) He insists that his miracles be kept quiet (1:44,5:43;7:36;8:26) He warns the disciples to tell no one that he is the Messiah (8:30;9:9) Jesus frequent command to silence raise the tension of the narrative around the theme of the identity of JESUS.

  33. Rising action Conflict Begins… Jesus repeatedly commands silence from those around him . Jesus first conflicts are spiritual ones Jesus is tempted by Satan He repeatedly encounter demonic opposition The Beelzebub incident (3:20-30) Purpose: to present Jesus’ mission as one of profound spiritual significance Through Jesus’ exorcisms, the kingdom of God is breaking down and overwhelming the kingdom of Satan, freeing people from its power.

  34. Rising action Conflict Begins… Jesus repeatedly commands silence from those around him . 2. Jesus conflict with the religious leaders Their opposition arises with Jesus’ table fellowship with sinners And his apparent violations of the Sabbath command Climax to the first series of controversies occurs during Sabbath synagogue service (3:1-6) The real Sabbath violation is not Jesus healing but the hypocrisy of the leaders who care more about the law than the welfare of human being.

  35. Rising action The turning point: The Confession of Peter and the Servant Messiah “…. But who do you say that I am?” Peter answered Him “ You are the Christ.” 8:27-29 Jesus’ authoritative words and deed have confirmed that He is indeed the Messiah

  36. Discipleship and Servant LeadershipThree Cycles of events in Mark Three times Jesus Predicts His Death 1st Passion Prediction: 8:31-32 2ndPassion Prediction:9:31-32 3rdPassion Prediction:10:32-34 C. Jesus Follows with Teaching about Servanthood and Cross-bearing Discipleship Take up your cross 8:34-38 The first shall be last 9:35-37 Servant leadership 10:42-45 B. Each time the Disciples Respond with Misunderstanding Peter rebukes Jesus 8:33 Debate over who is the greatest 9:33-34 Chief seats in the kingdom: 10:35-41

  37. Climax Death of the Suffering Son of God 14:1 -15:47 Mark’s Passion narrative is one of betrayal, desertion and rejection.

  38. “E’lo-i, E’lo-Ii, lama sabach-tha’-ni?” My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?

  39. Resolution The Resurrection of Jesus

  40. Mark’s Gospel tells us that…

  41. Mark’s Gospel reminds us that the goal of Christian life is not to find security or self-fulfillment. Following Jesus is responding to a radical call of commitment, taking up our crosses and following Him.

  42. It reminds us that receiving the Kingdom is dying to self and living for God. It means giving up efforts to earn God’s favor and receiving His free gift of grace.

  43. Characteristics of Mark’s Gospel • Fast moving narrative; use of immediately (euthys) and Greek Historical present tense • Prominence of Galilee as the Locus of Jesus’ early ministry • Strong emphasis on Jesus’ authority in teaching and in miracles

  44. Characteristics of Mark’s Gospel • Emphasis on challenges to Jesus by the forces of Satan and His defeat of them • Amazed reactions by others to Jesus’ authority • Jesus portrayed as the authoritative Messiah and Son of God

  45. Characteristics of Mark’s Gospel • Outsiders become insiders by faith; hints of Gentile Salvation • Negative portrait of the disciples; models of how not to follow Jesus • Lengthy passion narrative; emphasis on Jesus’ death • Brief and enigmatic resurrection narrative

  46. References: Strauss, Mark L. Four Portraits, One Jesus: A Survey of Jesus and the Gospel. Zondervan PublishingHouse, Michigan, USA; 2007. Runge, Steven. http://www.ntdiscourse.org/docs/Reconsi deringHP.pdf. www.ntdiscourse.org. accessed on January 19,2014

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