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Chapter 18 The Course of the War

Chapter 18 The Course of the War. The Allies. France, Great Britain and Russia Formerly the Triple Entente (Italy enters 1915, U.S. enters 1917). The Central Powers. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria Formerly called the Triple Alliance. Western Front.

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Chapter 18 The Course of the War

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  1. Chapter 18 The Course of the War

  2. The Allies • France, Great Britain and Russia • Formerly the Triple Entente • (Italy enters 1915, U.S. enters 1917)

  3. The Central Powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria • Formerly called the Triple Alliance

  4. Western Front • German Attack – the need for speed • Need to fight on both fronts. • British and French – strong resistance

  5. Western Front (cont.) • Trench Warfare – first 4 months 1.5 million killed or wounded. • Both sides dug vast trenches across French countryside. • “No Man’s Land” – in between trenches. Trench Warfare Packs

  6. Western Front (cont.) • New Weapons – machine guns, long range guns, poison gas, tanks • Later in war  planes

  7. Western Front (cont.) • Stalemate – neither side gained much territory. • Standoff at Verdun (5 month siege by Germans) • 700,000 die • 1916-1917 not much “winning”

  8. Eastern Front • 1914 – Russians won victories in Eastern Germany • Later badly beaten by Germany at Tannenberg. • Spring 1915 A-H & Germany attack – force Russian retreat.

  9. Eastern Front • Late 1916, Russians were near collapse; ports blocked. • Poorly trained, ill equipped, badly led, poor morale, heavy losses. • 1915 – 2 million killed, wounded captured • Sign treaty with Germany March 1918.

  10. Other Fronts • Italy – neutral at first, then secret agreement with France & Great Britain • Get territory in Australia and Africa • Fall 1917: A-H and Germany attack Italian lines and force retreat.

  11. Other Fronts (cont.) • Ottoman Empire (Turkey) – fiercest fighting. • Mines in seas, heavy artillery on shores; kept Russians blocked. • Great Britain and Arabs revolt living in OE fight back  Ottomans withdraw in October 1918

  12. The U.S. and WWI • Americans – wanted to remain neutral. • Supplied food, raw materials, and munitions to both sides. (allies more) • Contraband – could be seized. • British propaganda – atrocities by Germans.

  13. The U.S. and WWI (cont.) • Lusitania – sunk by German U-boat May 1915. • 128 Americans killed. • Other U.S. ships attacked.

  14. The U.S. and WWI (cont.) • Arthur Zimmerman – sent telegram to Mexico encouraging them to attack U.S. (Intercepted by Britain) • In return Germany would help Mexico get Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.

  15. The U.S. and WWI (cont.) • Central Powers against democracy. • U.S. and allies pro-democracy. • April 6, 1917 U.S. declares war on Germany.

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