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The Virginia Dynasty. “The Rising Glory of America”. Birth of American literature Common Sense (1776) Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucke (1784) Life of Washington (1800) Women on the intellectual scene “On the Equality of the Sexes,” Judith Sargent Murray, (1790)
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“The Rising Glory of America” • Birth of American literature • Common Sense (1776) • Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucke (1784) • Life of Washington (1800) • Women on the intellectual scene • “On the Equality of the Sexes,” Judith Sargent Murray, (1790) • Charlotte Temple (1791)
“The Rising Glory of America” • American artists • Benjamin West • John Singleton Copley • Charles Willson Peale • John Trumbull • Liberty of the press • Jefferson’s Inaugural: “Error of opinion may be tolerated, where reason is left free to combat it.”
“The Revolution of 1800” • John Adams and Charles Pinckney (SC) v. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (NY) • First election in which the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans operated as two national parties. • While the Federalists were not unified, the Republicans argued for “government rigorously frugal and simple.”
The Jefferson Presidency • TJ walked to his inauguration! • “Momentous” because it was the first (peaceful) transition from one rival party to another. • Jefferson attitude and his inaugural address helped smooth the transition: “We are all republicans; we are all federalists.” • Also: “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.”
The Jefferson Presidency • TJ’s ideal society was a nation of small family farms -- “an agrarian republic.” He said that “those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God.” • http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2005nov/apushistory.html • His vision was a “republic of virtue,” including a reduction in taxes, the size of the military, government staff, and the national debt. • But, he was also pro-expansion, which had implications for Indians, the environment, and the spread of slavery.
The American economy in 1800 • Predominantly rural -- 94% of Americans lived in communities of fewer than 2,500 people • Crops were grown for home use rather than for sale…unless you owned slaves… • In the South, the international demand for cotton had become a big business in response to the Industrial Revolution in England
1803 was a BIG year! • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Chief Justice John Marshall: the courts had the right “to say what the law is.” • The Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson more than doubled the size of the country for $15 million! • And don’t forget OHIO was admitted to the union!
The Jefferson Presidency • After 1803, the Napoleonic Wars became problematic for the Jefferson administration and its claim of neutrality. • By 1805, seizures of American ships, cargo, and sailors became bad enough that Jefferson was forced to take action. • Non-Importation Act (1806) • The Embargo Act (1807)
A New Administration Goes to War • Based on promises to cease seizure of U.S. vessels, U.S. resumed trade with England and France. • England will renege on their promise to respect U.S. trade rights! • Tecumseh’s western campaign was seen as being supported by the British. • (Congressional) War Hawks demand war on England to preserve American honor. • June 1, 1812, Madison sends Congress a declaration of war.
Tecumseh, a Shawnee military leader, and his brother Tenskwatawa, a religious leader called The Prophet
Black Hawk and His Son, Whirling Thunder, 1833John Wesley Jarvis
The Madison Presidency • The War of 1812 • The country and political parties were sharply divided over whether or not to go to war. • The American military struggled -- why? • The Hartford Convention • Nullification • The Treaty of Ghent • The Battle of New Orleans • http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/ohiopix/Image.cfm?ID=184
The Monroe Presidency (aka “The Era of Good Feelings”) • The American System • Second Bank of the United States • Tariffs • National system of roads and canals
The Monroe Presidency • Westward surge, 1800-1820 • By 1820, 25% of the population lived west of the Appalachians. • Following the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Land Act of 1820 made it easier for small farmers (80 acres) to purchase land cheaply ($1.25 an acre), with a small down payment ($100).
Conestoga Wagon on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, 1816Thomas Birch
Panic of 1819 • A “delayed” reaction to the War of 1812 and Napoleonic Wars. • American shipping and farm sales fell as international competition increased in the postwar years. • Domestic land sales exploded from 1 million acres in 1815 to 3.5 million acres in 1818, much of which was bought using credit. • When that credit was denied (or there was “a sharp contraction”), the panic started -- “many small farmers were ruined.”
Impact of the Panic of 1819 • Farmers blamed (faraway) banks for their problems. • Urban workers – hurt by increasing international competition too – got involved in politics for the first time. • Tariff rates didn’t change with the struggling economy (and lower crop prices) – southerners in particular were vocal “about the fairness of a political system in which they were always outvoted.”
Impact of the Panic of 1819 • Direct from the text: “The Panic of 1819 was a symbol of this transitional time. It showed how far the country had moved since 1800, from Jefferson’s republic of yeoman farmers toward a nation dominated by commerce. And the anger and resentment expressed by the groups harmed by the depression – farmers, urban workers, and southern planters – were portents of the politics of the upcoming (Andrew) Jackson era.” (p. 300)
The Diplomacy of J.Q. Adams • Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 • Convention of 1818 • Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 • Monroe Doctrine (1823)
