Chapter 15

1. Chapter 15 Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems

2. Health Standards • 10.1.2 Analyze how behavior can impact health maintenance and disease prevention. • 10.1.1 Analyze the extent to which individuals are responsible for enhancing health and safety in the community and the workplace. •  10.6.3 Demonstrate the ability to design and implement a plan for achieving a personal health goal.

3. Lesson 1 The Skeletal System Functions of Skeleton System Skeletal system provides a structure for the body. It includes a vertebrae of spine and supports upper body and head. Types of Bones Small bones-includes bones in legs and arms Short bones-bones in wrist and ankles Flat bones-In skull and protect organs like the rib cage Irregular bones-facial bones or vertebrae bones http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html

4. lesson 1 Joints Joints • Joints are the point were bones meet. Types of Joints • Ball-and-socket joints- formed when a rounded head of one bone fits into the rounded cavity of an jointed bone. • Hinge joints-would include elbow, knee, ankle, and fingers. Allows bone to bend and straighten • Pivot joints- allow limited rotation or turning of the head • Ellipsoidal joints- bone in wrist, and a oval shaped part that fits in a curved space, the joints slide over each other Study Guide Lesson 1

5. Lesson 2 Care and Problems of the Skeleton System Care of the Skeletal System Ways to care for the Skeletal system is to eat foods that contain calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus, they can help prevent the development of certain skeletal disorders. Problems of the Skeletal System Problems of the skeletal system can be a result of poor nutrition, infections, sports, and recreational injuries and poor posture. Osteoporosis and dislocation of the joints are also other problems of the Skeletal System. Vocabulary • Osteoporosis- is a condition in which progressive loss of bone tissue occurs • Scoliosis- a lateral, or side-to-side, curvature of the spine • Repetitive motion injury- is a damage to tissues caused by prolonged, repeated movements such as computer work

6. Lesson 2 Injuries to Joints and Bones Fractures Hairline fractures- is were the fracture incomplete Transverse fracture- a fracture that is completely across the bone Comminuted fracture- is were the bone shatters into more than two pieces. Joints Dislocation- is when the ligaments attached to the bone are torn or out of place Torn cartilage- is a sharp blow or twisting of the joint Arthritis- inflammation of the joint and is a result of natural wear and tear Study Guide Lesson 2

7. Lesson 3 The Muscular System Functions of the Muscular System Involuntary Some involuntary functions of the muscular system are muscles to help you breathe, make your heart beat, and help move food through the digestive system. Voluntary Some voluntary functions of the muscular system are like playing piano, running, playing video games, and throwing a ball.

8. Lesson 3 The Muscular System Vocabulary Smooth muscles- acts on the lining of passageways and internal organs. Skeletal muscles- these are attached to the bone and cause body movements Cardiac Muscles- is a type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart Problems of the Muscle System Bruise- is a area of discolored skin that appears after an injury. Tendonitis- is a inflammation of the tendon, caused by injury or over use aging Hernia- when a organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle. Study Guide Lesson 3 http://www.innerbody.com/image/musc01.html

9. Lesson 4 The Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System The nervous system coordinates all of the activities in your body, from breathing to digesting food or sensing pain or feeling of fear. Vocabulary Cerebrum- is the largest and most complex part of the brain, its covered with a thin layer of gray matter Cerebellum- is the second largest part of the brain and coordinates movement Brain Stem- is a three inch stalk of nerve cells and fibers that connects to spinal cord to the rest of the brain

10. Lesson 4The Brain Stem • Medulla Oblongata- regulates heart beat and respiratory system and reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, and vomiting • Pons- the pathway connecting nerve impulses to other areas of the brain • Midbrain- is a involuntary in such functions as controlling eyeball movement and pupil size • Thalamus- is a relay center for incoming sensory impulses and sends information from different sense organs such as eyes and ears • Hypothalamus- regulates body temperature, stimulates appetite for food and drink and regulates sleep Study Guide Lesson 4

11. Lesson 5Care and Problems of the Nervous System Care of the Nervous System Eating a well balanced diet, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep affect the health of your nervous system. Ways to Protect your Nervous System Keep your nervous system healthy by protecting it from injury. To protect your head and spine wear a helmet and protective gear while riding a bike, motorcycle, skating, and any contact sport.

12. Lesson 5Disorders and Problems Disorders Parkinson's disease-results in destruction of the nerve cells in an area of the brain that helps coordinate skeletal muscle movement Multiple Sclerosis- involves the destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of the neurons in the CNS Alzheimer's disease- results with neurons in the brain are destroyed If neurons become clogged with protein deposits, they are unable to transmit impulses result in loss of memory

13. Bibliography http://www.doe.state.in.us/standards/Docs-Health/HealthStandards120202.doc Glencoe Health Book