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Chapter 31

Chapter 31. Politics of Protest. The Student Movement. Why? How? When?. “Baby Boom” Between the end of World War II and 1964, 78 million babies were born 58% of the population was under 35 in 1970 Strength in numbers. College Enrollment Increases

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Chapter 31

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  1. Chapter 31 Politics of Protest

  2. The Student Movement

  3. Why? How? When? “Baby Boom” Between the end of World War II and 1964, 78 million babies were born • 58% of the population was under 35 in 1970 • Strength in numbers

  4. College Enrollment Increases • Economic boom of 1950s allowed more parents to send children to college in the 1960s • Fears of Nuclear War had youth focused on government and society • Freedom of college encouraged independent thinking • Meet people who share fears about society and the future

  5. SDS: • Students for a Democratic Society • Organized by students who felt that a few wealthy elite controlled politics • Time for the youth to make changes • Ideas were defined in the Port Huron Statement: • Called for an end to apathy and urged citizens to stop accepting a country run by big corporations and big government • Focused on protesting the Vietnam War, poverty, nuclear power and racism

  6. Free Speech Movement: 1964 • University of California at Berkley • Campus officials restricting students rights to distribute political pamphlets and recruit students to political causes • Dec. 2, 1964: sit-in • Police arrested more than 700 protestors • More protests followed; students and faculty pushing for freedom of speech • Supreme Court rules in favor of students • Many students wanted to change the system and make it better; others just wanted out

  7. Counterculture

  8. Counterculture • White youths turned away from their middle class lives and created a new lifestyle • Eccentric clothing, rock music, drug use and free and independent living • They became known as hippies

  9. Hippie Culture • At first was a rejection of order, traditional values and responsibility; reject what their parents had stood for • Originally promoted the ideas of utopia • Society that was freer, closer to nature and full of love and compassion for all

  10. Fashion, Art, and Music of the counterculture Long hair, loose fitting clothes, fringed clothing, flowers Andy Warhol was one of the most famous artists of the time period Beatles, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix

  11. Woodstock 1969

  12. As the movement grew, new hippies cared more about the outward appearance and drug lifestyle than the messages of the original hippies • Many experimented with alternate religions • Again, rejection of what their parents had been • Began to decline in the 1970s • Violence, drugs, disease

  13. The Feminist Movement

  14. Feminism: the belief that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially • 2 groups: • League of Women Voters • Laws to protect women and children in the workplace • Limiting # of hours they could work • National Woman’s Party • Opposed above legislation • Believed it reinforced discrimination

  15. 1923: Equal Rights Amendment Proposed • Alice Paul • To eliminate any discrimination in the workplace • Ignored by Congress • NWP continued to fight for the ERA

  16. ERA: Equal Rights Amendment • passed in Congress in 1972 • By 1979, 35 states had ratified it • Needed 38 • Alabama did not ratify it • Had not passed by deadline in 1982 and was dropped

  17. Criticism of ERA • No new rights not already guaranteed in the Constitution • Women would have to register for the draft • Might remove laws protecting women in labor related fields • Could take away alimony rights and raise questions in child custody cases • Reintroduced in 2007 and 2009

  18. WWII had given women more opportunities • Many left workforce after war ended • By 1960s women were again pushing for change • Inequalities: • Newspaper ads separated jobs by gender • Clubs refused them membership • Banks denied them credit

  19. Paid less for the same work • Shut out of medicine, law and finance positions • 47% of the workforce in the 1960s were women • Most jobs were low paying clerical, sales, factory or cleaning • Civil Rights and Anti War Movements gave them inspiration

  20. Pres. Kennedy and Eleanor Roosevelt’s: President’s Commission on the Status of Women • Reported on issues of women in the workplace and organized activists • 1963: Equal Pay Act passed • Outlawed paying men more for same job • On Average: • 1970 made 62% of what men made • 2009 women made 80% of what men made, Black women: 68%, Hispanic women: 60% • Jan 29, 2009 President Obama signed Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act • Extends time limit for suits for equal pay

  21. Civil Rights Act 1964 • Title VII of this act covers gender in areas that cannot be discriminated again in jobs • But EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunities Commission) in 1965 still allowed jobs to be identified as male or female

  22. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: Writer who examined women in America and their growing dissatisfaction with the roles of housewife and mother • “Is this all?” Helped to found NOW (National Organization for Women)

  23. National Organization for Women • Goals • To bring women fully into the mainstream of American society • To have a full equal partnership with men • Equal pay for equal work • Gloria Steinem: founder of MS magazine • Keep women informed of political and social concerns

  24. Education: • Title IX: • Prohibited federally funded schools from discriminating against women • Equal funding for boys and girls activities

  25. Roe v Wade: background • Goals of many women activists was repeal of laws against abortion • Before 1973, laws regulating abortions was left to the states • Some states allowed abortions in early stages of pregnancy • Mid 1800s laws were passed outlawing abortion except in cases where life of the mother was threatened • Women who chose to have abortions could face jail time

  26. Roe v Wade: • Supreme court ruled (7-2) that states could not regulate abortion during the 1st 3 months of pregnancy • That time was interpreted as within a woman’s constitutional right of privacy • During 2nd 3 months states could regulate based on health of the mother • States could ban abortion in final 3 months except in cases of medical emergency • One of the most controversial court cases to date

  27. Impact of the Woman’s Movement: • Since 1970s: • More Degrees • Higher paying jobs • Women in politics • Affordable Health Care Act: April 2010 • New mothers and employers must come to agreement on private areas for nursing • Still issues today: • Equal pay • Sick time for children/paid maternity leave • Insurance for birth control • Equal treatment for girls sports • States beginning to limit a woman’s access to contraceptives and redefining when life begins

  28. Civil Rights The Fight Continues and Expands

  29. 1. African Americans: • Leaders of Civil Rights movement felt that even with all of the changes there was little change in daily lives • Still could not get good jobs • Affirmative Action: • Called for companies and institutions doing business with the federal government to recruit African American employees with the hope of an improved economic and social status • Open up fields and jobs to all minority groups

  30. Challenges to Affirmative Action: • “Reverse discrimination” • Qualified white workers looked over b/c companies had to hire a certain number of minorities • Colleges denied white applicants in favor of minorities with lower scores • Allan Bakke sued University of California Med School • Supreme Court ruled in his favor

  31. Busing: • For access to better “White” schools, blacks and other minorities began “busing” their children. • Most children went to schools in their neighborhoods • Most neighborhoods were race oriented • Supreme Court ruled in favor of allowing students to “bus” to schools outside their own district to follow Brown v Board of Education. • White families began removing their children from public schools • “White flight”

  32. 2.Hispanic Americans • 1960 3million in US • 1970 9 million • Today estimated at 48.4 million • Many came to US in WWII to work on farms in Southwest • Bracero Program • Faced prejudice, limited access to schooling, poor housing, low pay

  33. Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta Organized for better working conditions, pay and benefits • Strike against California grape growers • College students, civil rights groups, churches helped by organizing a national boycott • @17 million citizens stopped buying grapes • Industry profits fell sharply • Boycott ended in 1970 • Grape growers agreed to raise wages and improve working conditions • Created the UFW: United Farm Workers

  34. Education Issues • 1968; over 1000 teachers and Mexican American students walked out of classroom in East LA to protest racism • Issues over language barriers • Bilingual Education Act 1968 • Schools had to set up classes for immigrants to learn subjects in their own language while learning English • Many schools could not afford these programs • Today most school use immersion for success • Learn English in classes as students learn the subjects

  35. 3. Native Americans: • By 1970 Native Americans made up less than 1% of the population • Poorest group in the nation • Highest unemployment rate • Highest dropout rates in schools • Lowest life expectancy average • Discrimination

  36. 1961: Declaration of Indian Purpose • Meeting in Chicago by 400 members of 67 nations to discuss Native American Issues • Wanted greater distance from mainstream society • 1968 Congress passed Indian Civil Rights Act • Guarantees all rights in Bill of Rights but recognizes legitimacy of reservation law

  37. American Indian Movement: AIM • More militant approach to reform efforts • 1969- symbolic protest • Occupied abandoned Alcatraz Island for 19 months claiming they had “Discovered” it

  38. Feb 1973- Wounded Knee, South Dakota • Seized/occupied the town for 71 days • Demanded government honor the long forgotten treaties • FBI and US Marshalls surrounded the town • Attempted negotiations • 2 killed; several others injured • US Government began to address issues of Native Americans

  39. Native Americans Gain ground • Indian Self-Determination Act • Increased funding for education • Taos, New Mexico • Pueblo People gained sacred grounds back at Blue Lake • More self government has improved economic conditions • Cattle, electrical plants, resorts, gambling, oil and gas wells

  40. Saving The Earth

  41. 1966: DDT • Pesticides used to control mosquitoes (DDT) was polluting rivers and streams. • Carol Yannacone sued to halt the use of pesticides • Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring also raised awareness of impact of DDT on wildlife

  42. EDF; Environmental Defense Fund was created • DDT banned in 1972 • Led to a growing awareness of the lack of concern by the government about nature and the environment • Smog, oil spills, chemical waste • Industry’s impact on delicate ecosystems

  43. 1st Earth Day: April 22, 1970 • Unofficial beginning of the Environmental Movement • Millions of Americans participated • Send a message to politicians to “wake up and do something” • Environmental Clubs • Sierra Club, Audubon Society, Wilderness Society

  44. 1970- Nixon signed the EPA: Environmental Protection Agency • Set and enforced pollution standards, promoted research, coordinated anti-pollution activities in states • 1970- Clean Air Act (Congress overrode the Presidential Veto) • Established emission standards for factories and cars • 1972- Clean Water Act • Restricted waste into lakes and rivers • 1973- Endangered Species Act • Established measures for saving threatened species

  45. Niagara Falls, New York; Housing community of Love Canal • People had blood diseases, cancer, miscarriages, birth defects, ect.. • Discovered the community had been built over a toxic waste dump (22,000 gallons dumped there) • Protested to state and national gov’t • By 1978- state relocated 200 families • 1980- President Carter declared the area a federal disaster area and moved remaining 600 families • 1983- residents sued the company that had created the dump site and won 20 million in damages

  46. Nuclear Energy Concerns: • Supporters said it was cleaner and less expensive than coal, oil and natural gas • Opponents feared radiation risks • March 28, 1979- Three Mile Island (Harrisburg, PA) • One of the nuclear reactors overheated • Low levels of radiation escaped the reactor • Evacuations, protests followed • Leak was sealed, Nuclear Regulatory Commission declared it safe • More doubts about safety of nuclear energy • Chernobyl, USSR 1986 • Fukushima, Japan 2011

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