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Basic Structure of the Human Body and Parts of a Cell

Basic Structure of the Human Body and Parts of a Cell. 7:1 Basic Structure of the Human Body. The normal function of the human body is compared to an organized machine The machine malfunctions, disease occurs. Anatomy: study of form and structure.

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Basic Structure of the Human Body and Parts of a Cell

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  1. Basic Structure of the Human Bodyand Parts of a Cell

  2. 7:1 Basic Structure of the Human Body • The normal function of the human body is compared to an organizedmachine • The machine malfunctions, disease occurs. • Anatomy: study of form and structure. • Physiology: study of whyand how living organismswork. • Pathophysiology: study of how disease occurs and body’s response • Protoplasm – Makes up all living things.

  3. Cells • Microscopic Structures • Carry on all functions of life.

  4. Functions of Cells • Take in food and oxygen • Produce heat and energy • Move and adapt to environment • Eliminate wastes • Perform special functions • Reproduce to create identical cells

  5. Basic Parts of Cells • Cell membrane – outer protective covering of cell • Semipermeable • Cytoplasm – semifluid inside cell where all chemical reactions occur • Organelles – located in the cytoplasm and help cell to function

  6. Organelles • Nucleus – “brain” of cell, controls many cell activities, important in cell reproduction. • Nucleolus – Located in nucleus. Important in cell reproduction. Manufactures ribosomes which aid in synthesis (production) of protein • Chromatin – Located in nucleus, made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein. Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell reproduction. Chromosomes carry genes which carry inherited characteristics.

  7. Organelles, cont. • Centrosome – located in cytoplasm and near the nucleus. Contains two centrioles important in cell reproduction. • Mitochondria – located throughout cytoplasm, “furnace” or “Power House” of the cell. Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the major energy source of the cell. • Golgi Apparatus – stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm. Produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from cell.

  8. Organelles of a cell, cont. • Endoplasmic Reticulum – located in cytoplasm. Allows for transport of materials in and out of the nucleus. Aids in synthesis and storage of proteins. • Lysosomes – Found throughout cytoplasm. Contains digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria and foreign materials. • Pinocytic Vesicles – Pocket-like folds in cell membrane. Allow large molecules such as protein and fat to enter cell then folds closed to form vacuoles or bubbles in cytoplasm

  9. Cell Reproduction • Mitosis – Reproduce by dividing into two identical cells, asexual reproduction. • Meiosis – Reproduction of sex cells (gametes). Produces ovum and sperm.

  10. Tissues • Cells contain same basic parts but vary in shape, size, and special function. • Cells of same type join together for common purpose to form tissue. • Tissue Fluid –water with various dissolved substances which makes up 60% - 99% of tissue • Dehydration – Insufficient amount of tissue fluid • Edema – Excess amount of tissue fluid; results in swelling of tissue

  11. Types of Tissue • Epithelial – Covers surface of body, main tissue in skin, also forms lining of intestines, respiratory, and urinary tracts; forms body glands

  12. Types of Tissue, Connective • Connective – Supportive fabric of organs and other body parts • Types of Connective Tissue • Soft - adipose (fatty) tissue • stores fat as food reserve which is source of energy • insulates body and acts as padding

  13. Types of Tissue, Connective • Hard • Cartilage – tough, elastic material found between bones of spine and at end of long bones. Acts as shock absorber. Also found in nose, ears, and larynx • Bone – Forms rigid structure of human body. Has calcium salts, nerves, and blood vessels.

  14. Types of Tissue, Connective • Liquid • Blood – carries nutrients and oxygen to cells and carries metabolic waste away from cells. • Lymph – transports tissue fluid, proteins, fats and other material from tissues to circulatory system.

  15. Types of Tissue • Nerve – made up of neurons which transmit messages throughout body; composes nerves, brain, and spinal cord

  16. Types of Tissue, Muscle • Muscle – produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers • Types of Muscle Tissue • Skeletal – attaches to bones and provides for movement of body • Cardiac – causes heart to beat • Visceral (smooth) – present in walls of organs such as stomach, intestine, and blood vessels

  17. Organs and Systems • Organ – two or more tissues joined together to perform specific function • System – organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function

  18. Summary • Cells combine to form tissues. • Tissues combine to form organs. • Organs and other body parts combine to form systems.

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