AP BIOLOGY Chapter 14 & 15 Review

AP BIOLOGYChapter 14 & 15 Review http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/germplas/pisum/zgs4f.htm http://www.fisterra.com/human/3arte/pintura/temas/enanos/enanos.asp

IAIA or IAi If a person has Type A blood what possible genotypes could she/he have? autosomal recessive MALES can be carriers for _______________________disorders A. autosomal recessive B. X linked recessive C. neither of these; males can never be carriers Trisomy-21 is also called ______________________________ DOWN SYNDROME

HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE What is the genotype of an organism used in a testcross with an unknown dominant looking parent? Name an X-linked genetic disorder you learned about. A person who has a copy of the gene for a recessive disorder but doesn’t show the disorder is called a _________________ Hemophilia, colorblindness, Duchenne Muscular dystrophy carrier

karyotype This diagram is called a __________________ This person is a __________ male female Female There are 2 X and no y chromosomes.

IBIB or IBi If a person has Type B blood what possible genotypes could she/he have? The cell that forms when an egg and a sperm join together is called a _______________ Name the molecules on the surface of cells that are involved in “recognition of self” and which produce blood type. Type of mutation in which a deleted fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome zygote glycoproteins translocation

http://ascensionparish.net/forum/messages/14/2493.jpg Explain why male calico cats can only have one color of spots. Spot color gene is carried on the X chromosome and males only have one X…. so can only have one color of spots Chromosomes that DON’T determine sex are called ____________________ autosomes

Polygenic A trait that is controlled by several genes (like skin color or height) is called ______________ Give an example of an autosomal dominant lethal genetic disease that you learned about. Huntington’s ; Achondroplasia (dwarfism)

Multiple allele A trait in which there are three or more choices for a single gene (like A, B, and O blood type) is a ____________ trait. polygenic multiple allele Give an example of Y linked gene. Hairy ears(pinna) SRY

EPISTASIS ________________ is when the gene at one locus alters the expression of a gene at another locus. Name the pattern of inheritance in which heterozygous individuals show a blended phenotype like when crossing pure red and pure white flowers produces pink flowers. Incomplete dominance

PLEIOTROPY ________________ is when one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects. Name the pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous individual like A and B alleles producing AB type blood. Type of mutation in which a chromosome receives extra copies of a gene Codominance See a Video duplication

SOMATIC LETHAL ______________ mutations cause deathoften before birth. Twins which don’t separate entirely and remain attached by some body part are called ______________ A body cell is also called a ______________ cell. CONJOINED

male Tell the sex of a human or other mammal with the Xy genotype Tell the sex of a bird with ZW genotype. True or false. Male bees don’t have fathers. Females are ZW; males are ZZ TRUE; Male bees are haploid. They develop from unfertilized eggs Female bees are diploid

Which person(s) shows the genetic trait? Which person(s) is/are male? Which person(s) is/are female? Which person(s) is/are carriers for this trait? Which person(s) DO NOT show the trait? A B A E C D A, C, E B, D D B, C, D, E

pedigree Name this diagram used to show how traits are passed in families. Show up more frequently in males • X-linked genes _______________ • Only show up in females • Show up more frequently in males • can be heterozygous in males • only pass from mothers to daughters

9:3:3:1 9 – Dominant Trait 1; Dominant Trait 2 3- Dominant Trait 1: Recessive Trait 23 – Recessive Trait 1; Dominant Trait 2 1- Recessive Trait 1: Recessive Trait 2 Which pattern would you expect to see when crossing parents that are heterozygous for two genes? Name the disease that individual’s who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele show resistance to. malaria

males females African Americans Caucasians Jewish/Middle Easterners Sickle cell anemia is more common in_____________ Cystic fibrosis is more common in ___________ Tay Sachs disease is more common in _______________ X-linked traits are more common in ___________ African Americans Caucasians Jewish/ Middle Easterners males

What would the blood cell of a person with IBi genotype look like? A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type _________ B or AB

X-linked A gene that is carried on the X chromosomeis called __________________ trisomy 2n + 1 chromosomes = _________________ Name the functional group added to DNAwhen a gene is imprinted. Methyl – CH3

translocation See a Video Mutation in which a piece of DNA breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome is called _________________ 2n-1 chromosomes = ________________ Phenomenon in which repression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the mother or father monosomy Genomic imprinting

BARR BODY Dark spot in the nucleus made when one of the X chromosomes in females is inactivated = Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis = ________________ Two genes that are close together on the same chromosome would show a _______ crossing over frequency. high low nondisjunction low

amniocentesis Technique in which a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac and fluid containing embryonic cells is removed for analysis Which of the following is NOT visiblein a karyotype ? Sex of baby Down syndrome Turner syndrome Sickle cell disorder Sickle cell is a point mutation;not visible in a karyotype

Name disorders that are: Autosomal Dominant ________________ ________________ Huntington’s Achondroplasia Autosomal Codominant ___________________ Sickle cell disease

What would the blood cell of a person with IAIB genotype look like? A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type ________ AB only

father Which parent determines the sex of the baby? What is the difference between a germ cell mutation and a somatic cell mutation? Somatic cells are body cells and mutations in these cells are NOT passed on to offspring. Germ cells are reproductive cells. Mutations in these cells CAN be passed on to offspring.

Achondroplasia TRUE or FALSE Females can be carriers for X linked genes. Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence(includes gene methylation and imprinting) Other name for “Dwarfism” True; they have 2 X chromosomes. So they can have one normal gene and one mutant gene. Epigenetic inheritance

Name 3 disorders that are: Phenylketonuria (PKU) Tay-Sach’s Cystic fibrosis Autosomal recessiveX linked recessive _______________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ Hemophilia Colorblindness Muscular dystrophy Name 3 disorders that is caused by nondisjunction: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Down syndrome Turner’s syndrome Klinefelter’s syndrome

zygote The cell that forms when an egg and a sperm join together is called a _______________ Technique in which a narrow tube is inserted through the cervix and a sample of tissue from the placenta is removed for analysis Chorionic villi sampling

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes which tends maintain the presence of alleles for genetic disorders in the gene pool Heterozygote advantage Why do X-linked recessive disorders show up more in males than females? Males only have one X. If they get the gene it will show. Females have a 2nd X that can “hide” the disorder gene. They need 2 copies of the gene to show disorder. Males don’t have a “back up” X.

Monosomic cells- have two of every chromosome except one (2n-1) Haploid cells have one of each chromosome (1n) How are monosomic and haploid cells different? Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I Organisms with two identical alleles for a trait are called ________________ Crossing over homozygous

What disorder is it? Mutation in the blood clotting protein makes person unable to stop bleeding after an injury _______________ Mutation in hemoglobin causes red blood cells to change shape and ____________________ leads to a variety of symptoms Mutation causes mental retardation if foods containing phenylalanine are eaten _____________________ Three #21 chromosomes are present causing mental retardation _______________________ Mutation in ion channel protein causesthick mucous to clog up lungs and digestive organs _______________________ Hemophilia Sickle cell anemia Phenylketonuria (PKU) Down syndrome Cystic fibrosis

Traits are the observed characteristic (EX: flower color)Alleles are the alternative choices for a trait (EX: red or white) How is a trait different from an allele? Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produce the ____ generation Organisms with two different alleles for a trait are called ________________ F1 heterozygous

DOMINANT Allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produce the ____ generation An organism’s genetic makeup = _______________ F2 genotype

Type O has neither A or BGlycoproteins What would the blood cell of a person with ii genotype look like? A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type _________ O, A, BO is the universal donor and AB

Dominant/recessive?Autosomal/X-linked/nondisjunction Nondisjunction Turner syndrome ____________________ Cystic fibrosis ____________________ Hemophilia _____________________ Colorblindness __________________ Phenylketonuria ___________________ Duchenne muscular dystrophy ________________ Autosomal recessive X-linked recessive X-linked recessive Autosomal recessive X-linked recessive

recessive Allele that is not expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote and requires two copies to show An organism’s appearance = _______________ Another name for heterozygous = Mutation in which a chromosomal fragment breaks off and reattaches backwards phenotype hybrid inversion See a Video

The following recombination frequencies were found. Determine the order of these genes on the chromosome. A, C = 10% A, D = 30% B, C = 24% B,D = 16% Campbell and Reece Ch15 ?’s

What disorder is it? Mutation in the blood clotting protein makes person unable to stop bleeding after an injury _______________ Mutation in hemoglobin causes red blood cells to change shape and ____________________ leads to a variety of symptoms Mutation causes mental retardation if foods containing phenylalanine are eaten _____________________ Three #21 chromosomes are present causing mental retardation _______________________ Mutation in ion channel protein causesthick mucous to clog up lungs and digestive organs _______________________ Hemophilia Sickle cell anemia Phenylketonuria (PKU) Down syndrome Cystic fibrosis

The alleles for blood type show 2 patterns of inheritance. The following statements are TRUE or FALSE? F A & B are codominant A is dominant over B. O is dominant over A. A is dominant over O. B and A are co-dominant A is incompletely dominant over O. O is recessive to A and to B F O is recessive to both A & B T T F T

What disorder is it? Conjoined twins Twins that are born joined together ____________________ Males with an extra X chromosome ______________________(XXY) karyotype; some female features;infertility Lipids build up in brain causingblindness, retardation, & early death _________________________ Disorder in bone growth so torso __________________________ and head are normal size but armsand legs are short Klinefelter syndrome Tay-Sachs Achondroplasia

DIZYGOTIC or FRATERNAL Twins born at the same time but which are produced from two different sperm and eggs are called ___________________ Tell the type of mutation that causes sickle cell disease Type ____ blood is called the “universal recipient” substitution AB

MONOZYGOTIC or MATERNAL Identical twins produced from one sperm and one egg are called ___________________ Tell the type of mutation that causes Huntington’s disease Type ___ blood is called the “universal donor” Duplication/insertion;extra CAG repeats O

What would the blood cell of a person with IAi genotype look like? A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type _________ A or AB

Dominant/recessive?Autosomal/X-linked/nondisjunction Autosomal recessive Phenylketonuria ____________________ Down syndrome ____________________ Sickle cell anemia _____________________ Klinefelter syndrome ____________________ Huntington’s disease ______________________ Tay-Sachs _________________ nondisjunction Autosomal CODOMINANT nondisjunction Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive

HEMOPHILIA Name the X-linked genetic disorder found in a pedigree of the royal families of Europe Which of the following human diseases is inherited as a simple recessive trait? A. Tay-Sachs disease B. cancer C. diabetes D. Alzheimer’s disease E. cardiovascular disease Tay-Sachs Campbell and Reece Chap 15 ?’s

In guinea pigs, brown coat (B) is dominant over red (b) and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). What proportion of the offspring of a heterozygous dihybrid cross would be expected to be brown and spotted? ____ brown and solid? ____ red and spotted? ____ red and solid ? ____ 3/16 9/16 1/16 3/16 http://pettalk.com.au/blogs/media/blogs/PetBlog/14469822_7-guinea-pig_b.jpg

0.05 What is the critical value used when calculatingChi-square? How are degrees of freedom calculated when determining Chi-square? A Chi-square value that is less than the p-value means you should __________ the null hypothesis. accept reject # of groups - 1 ACCEPT

For the following crosses, determine the probability of the indicated genotype in an offspring. 1 X ½ X 1 X ½ = ¼ ½ X ½ X 1 X ½ = 1/8 1 X 1 X ½ X 1 X 1 X 1 =1/2 ½ X ½ X ½ X ½ X ½ X 1 = 1/32 Campbell and Reece Chap 14 ?’s

What disorder is it? Gradual deterioration of the brainthat appears during middle age resulting in nursing home care and early death ____________________ Progressive weakening of muscleproteins resulting in inability to walkand eventually death _________________________ Inability to distinguish betweenthe colors red and green _____________________ Females with only one X chromosome ____________________ resulting in infertility Huntington’s disease (HD) Duchenne Muscular dystrophy Colorblindness Turner syndrome

When crossing two individuals that are heterozygous for a completely dominant trait, what phenotypic pattern would you expect to see in the offspring? If you see a 2:1 ratio instead, what should you suspect. 3 dominant:1 recessive The trait is a dominant lethal trait.

½; past events don’t influence the next flip After flipping 2 heads from two coin tosses, what is the probability of tossing the coin and obtaining heads? Compare and contrast polyploidy and aneuploidy. ALIKE: Both describe cells with changes in chromosome number Both can result from nondisjunction DIFFERENT: Polyploidy-cell with extra whole sets of chromosomes (3N, 4N, etc.) Aneuploidy- cell with missing or extra chromosomes (Ex: 2n-1, 2n+1, 2n + 2)

AP BIOLOGY Chapter 14 & 15 Review