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Eastern Spadefoot Toad Scaphiopus holbrooki Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Pelobatida

Eastern Spadefoot Toad Scaphiopus holbrooki Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Pelobatida.

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Eastern Spadefoot Toad Scaphiopus holbrooki Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Pelobatida

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  1. Eastern Spadefoot Toad Scaphiopus holbrooki Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Pelobatida The Eastern Spadefoot Toad has enlarged hind feet with a black “spade” located on the inside of the inner toe. The spade is used for digging. They usually have a light yellow line that forms a crude hourglass shape on their back as seen in the picture on the far left. Generally associated with forested areas with sandy or other loose soil. Spends much of life underground. A Species of Concern in West Virginia Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. American Toad Bufo americanus Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Bufonidae American toads generally have 1-2 warts in each of the largest blotches. Chest and forward part of abdomen usually spotted with dark pigment. Paratoid separate from postorbital ridge or connected to ridge by spur (see line drawings in field guide). Color pattern can be variable. Utilizes a wide range of habitats, but needs shallow bodies of water to breed. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  2. Fowler’s Toad Bufo fowleri Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Bufonidae At first glance, the Fowler’s Toad is quite similar in appearance to the American Toad. Note, however, that there are 3 or more warts on each of the largest blotches and the paratoid touches the cranial crests behind the eyes. In West Virginia, the Fowler’s Toad is generally associated with flood plains and river bottoms as well as woodland edges. Common throughout most of West Virginia. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Upland Chorus Frog Pseudacris feriarum Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Hylidae The Upland Chorus Frog is very small, attaining a length of approximately 3.5 cm. The coloration of the species is highly variable, but it will always have a light line along the upper lip and a dark stripe from snout to groin that passes through the eye. Often has striping or spotting along the back. Found in swampy areas of broad valleys, grassy swales, moist woodlands, or around ponds surrounded by heavy vegetation. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  3. Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Hylidae The Spring Peeper is a small frog that reaches about 3.2 cm. Coloration may vary from yellow to brown to gray to olive. X-shaped pattern on back (may be imperfect) identifies this species. The Spring Peeper is found in woodlands near swamps or semi-permanent ponds. Prefers Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor & Hyla chrysoscelis Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Hylidae The common name, Gray Treefrog actually refers to two frog species. In the field, the two can only be distinguished from one another by their call. Both species are usually gray, but may also be green. Concealed surfaces of hind legs are bright orange (or golden yellow) mottled with black. There is usually a light spot below the eye. Usually found in small trees or shrubs in or around standing water. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  4. Pickerel Frog Rana palustris Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Ranidae The Pickerel Frog has two parallel rows of squarish spots on its back. Also almost always has yellow or orange on concealed surfaces of hind legs. Differs from Leopard Frogs which have oval or circular dorsal spots and no orange/yellow markings on concealed surfaces of legs. Often found in bogs, rocky ravines, or meadow streams, but is also found in a variety of other habitats. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Northern Leopard Frog Rana pipiens Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Ranidae The Northern Leopard Frog is usually found in two different colors: green or brown. Has two or three rows of irregularly placed, round spots between two obvious dorsolateral ridges. Spots are dark and have light edges. Often associated with meadows; will wander well away from water during the summer. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  5. Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Ranidae The Bullfrog is the the largest frog found in North America. It is plain or nearly plain green above, or with a net-like pattern of gray or brown above a green background. No dorsolateral ridges on trunk of body; ridges end near tympanum (eardrum). Tympanum is much larger on males than females, as is the case with many frogs in the Rana genus. Prefers larger bodies of water than many other frogs. Is commonly found in lakes, ponds, bogs, and sluggish portions of streams. Has been introduced to other portions of NA where, once established, it has impacted local populations of many native reptiles and amphibians. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Green Frog Rana clamitans melanota Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Ranidae At first glance, the Green Frog looks very similar to the larger Bullfrog. Note, however, that the Green Frog has dorsolateral ridges while bullfrog does not. Color may vary from green to brown. Usually has numerous dark spots or blotches dorsally. Found in shallow water of creeks, ditches, ponds, and other water bodies. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  6. Wood Frog Rana sylvatica Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Ranidae The Wood Frog can easily be distinguished from other West Virginia frogs by the presence of its “Lone Ranger” mask. Coloration of body is highly variable - from pink to nearly black. Most often found in deciduous forests with abundant leaf litter. Ranges as far north as Alaska and Labrador. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  7. Jefferson Salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Ambystomatidae The Jefferson Salamander is dark brown or gray in color. Its toes are very long and its body is slender when compared to many other salamander species. Snout is also somewhat long. Usually has small, bluish flecks on the side of its body and limbs. There are 14 costal grooves. A forest species, Jefferson Salamanders spend most of their time underground or under leaf litter. Most often seen when moving to breeding pools in the spring. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Spotted Salamander Ambystoma maculatum Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Ambystomatidae The Spotted Salamander is large, reaching up to 20 cm in length. Body is black to bluish gray. Has a row of round, yellow or orange spots on each side of its back that extends from eye to tip of tail. Belly is slate gray. The Spotted Salamander is an early spring breeder that occasionally makes mass migrations to breeding ponds. May be found under stones or boards in moist situations. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  8. Marbled Salamander Ambystoma opacum Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Ambystomatidae The dark and light pattern of coloration of the Marbled Salamander is unlike that of any other WV species. Reaches app. 13 cm in length. Has 12 costal grooves. A forest species, it spends most of its time under- ground. Is generally closer to the surface - in leaf litter, under logs, etc. - than other Ambystoma species. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Eastern Red-spotted Newt Notophthalmus viridescens Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Salamandridae The Eastern Red-spotted Newt differs from other amphibians in that its land stage occurs in juveniles, while both egg and adult stages are aquatic. Newt skin is grainy and slightly rough; other salamander groups have slimy skin. Costal grooves are indistinct. Terrestrial juvenile (eft) stage usually lasts 1-7 years. Skin is toxic to many animals; note warning coloration. Adults occupy ponds, small lakes, marshes, ditches, quiet portions of streams, or other permanent/semi-permantent water bodies. Efts generally avoid direct sunlight, but are commonly seen walking on forest floor. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  9. Mountain Dusky Salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Mountain Dusky Salamander is well-known for its high degree of variation in body coloration. Base color is usually dark brown. Body markings usually have blackish borders. May reach 10 cm in length. Round tail makes up approximately half of total length. Has a light line from eye to angle of jaw. More terrestrial than most other dusky salamanders and may wander well into woods during wet weather. Most often found in moist situations under stones, logs, leaves, etc. May climb trees/shrubs while foraging. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Northern Dusky Salamander Desmognathus fuscus Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae Reaches 12 cm in length. Coloration variable , but usually has a diagonal stripe behind eye. Also usually has scallop-edged stripe down back. Stripe may be indistinct. Body usually brown or gray. Tail is keeled. 14 costal grooves. Most often found under stones or woody debris along stream edges. Seldom found far from water. Most common salamander along many WV streams. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  10. Seal Salamander Desmognathus monticola Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Seal Salamander generally has bold patterns dorsally and is plain and pale below. Usually tan to brown with darker spots or worm-like markings on back. Tail is approximately half of body length. Total length to 12.5 cm. Tail is knife-edged and pointed at end. A thick-bodied salamander. Most often found in cool streams with high gradients. Commonly used for bait in West Virginia. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Redback Salamander Plethodon cinereus Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Redback Salamander has a wide red (sometimes gray) stripe that runs down the length of its back and tail. Bellies are mottled with black and white (or yellow), producing a salt-and- pepper pattern. Can reach 10 cm in length. Found under objects in forested habitats. Often one of the most common salamanders where it occurs. Like other salamanders in Plethodontidae, it is lungless, getting most of its oxygen via moist skin. Also obtains oxygen buccopharyngeally (through mouth). Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  11. Slimy Salamander Plethodon glutinosus Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Slimy Salamander is found throughout the state of West Virginia. The Slimy Salamander is actually a complex of 13 genetically distinct, closely related species (see map) that are virtually impossible to distinguish in the field. Up to 17 cm in length. Often has light spots or flecks on a darker body. Secretes an extremely sticky substance through tail when threatened; this characteristic is the source of the Slimy Salamander’s common name. Often found in moist ravines, hillsides. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Green Salamander Aneides aeneus Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Green Salamander is characterized by a dark brown to black body with green, lichen-like patches. Up to 12.5 cm in length. The head and body are flattened and toes are expanded at tips, adaptations for the crevice-dwelling habits of the species. Generally a cliff-dweller that prefers moist rock crevices; it is also found in caves and fissures in tree bark. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  12. Spring Salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Spring Salamander is divided into two subspecies in West Virginia, the Kentucky and Northern. There is usually a light line extending from eye to nostril. Coloration is usually from brownish pink to reddish. Can reach a length of 19 cm. Most often found in cool springs or streams but may also be found under objects in wet depressions in nearby forests. Larvae Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Northern Two-lined Salamander Eurycea bislineata Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small salamander that rarely reaches 10 cm in length. Two dark lines border a broad, light-colored dorsal stripe. Dark lines may grade into dots on tail. Dorsal stripe is generally yellowish in color. Found along edges of streams hiding under a variety of objects. May venture into nearby forest during wet weather. Egg Mass Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  13. Longtail Salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Longtail Salamander is up to 15 cm long, with the tail accounting for approximately 60 % of total length. Body is yellowish to orange. Has distinctive herringbone barring on tail, distinguishing it from the Cave Salamander, which has spots. Belly is unmarked. Found in a variety of habitats, including springs, streams, caves, and under rotting logs. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Cave Salamander Eurycea bislineata Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Cave Salamander is similar in appearance to the Longtail Salamander but note tail markings; the tail of the Cave Salamander has round spots while the tail of the Longtail Salamander has barring in a herringbone pattern.. Reaches 15 cm in length. Most often found in caves near limestone outcroppings but also occur along forested springs and streams. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  14. Four-toed Salamander Hemidactylium scutatum Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Four-toed Salamander is small, reaching lengths of 7 - 8 cm. The species has four toes on its hind feet, unlike most other salamanders, which have five toes. The tail constricts slightly at its base. Generally associated with boggy areas. Adults are terrestrial, preferring hardwood forests, while larvae are aquatic. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Red Salamander Pseudotriton ruber Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae The Red Salamander reaches 15 cm in length and is red or reddish-orange in color. Upper surfaces of body are covered with irregular, dark spots. Iris is usually yellow. Found under moss, stones or other objects in or near streams, springs, or other sources of cool, clear water. Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

  15. Wehrle’s Salamander Plethodon wehrlei Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie Research Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ. Cheat Mountain Salamander Plethodon nettingi Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae Sources: Conant and Collins; USGS Northern Prairie esearch Center; Jeff Humphries, Marshall Univ.

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