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Participles

Participles. What is a participle?. A participle is a verb that has been changed to function as an adjective . Sometimes it is called a VERBAL AJECTIVE. Examples in English. The student running down the hall dropped all his books.

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Participles

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  1. Participles

  2. What is a participle? • A participle is a verb that has been changed to function as an adjective. • Sometimes it is called a VERBAL AJECTIVE

  3. Examples in English • The student running down the hall dropped all his books. • We saw several girls walking to the stadium before the game • I want to give help to the people injured by the tornado • Listening to the speech, I realized I wanted to help with the campaign. In each sentence the word in bold is a participle.

  4. Attributes of a Participle • Because participles are VERBAL ADJECTIVES, they have attributes of both verbs and adjectives. • They have: • Gender • Number • Case • Tense • Voice

  5. IMPORTANT POINT Because a participle is a verbal ADJECTIVE, it MODIFIES a noun and therefore MUST agree in GENDER, NUMBER AND CASE WITH THE NOUN IT MODIFIES

  6. FORMS OR PARTICIPLES • There are four participles in Latin • Present active • Perfect passive • Future active • Future passive

  7. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES • Verbs of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugation form the present active participle the same way. • 1. take the 2nd principal part • 2. drop the –re • This gives you the stem of the verb

  8. Add the following to the stem Singular M /F N Nom -ns -ns Gen -ntis -ntis Dat -nti -nti Acc -ntem -ns Abl -nte -nte Plural M /F N Nom -ntes -ntia Gen -ntium -ntium Dat -ntibus -ntibus Acc -ntes -ntia Abl -ntibus -ntibus

  9. Present Participles Here is an example. I saw a girl crying on the road. girl is feminine, accusative and singular crying has to agree with girl So crying has to be acc. fem. sing.

  10. Example continued Puellam in via vidi. This is the sentence without the participle. fleo, flere means cry, weep What do we need to do to put it into the present active participle form?

  11. Example still continued • Find the stem by dropping the –re • flere • fle-- • Add the acc, sing. fem form from the chart for present active participles. • Oh you weren’t paying attention and did not get that chart. Shall I just let you flounder????

  12. No I shall Be Merciful Singular M /F N Nom -ns -ns Gen -ntis -ntis Dat -nti -nti Acc -ntem -ns Abl -nte -nte Plural M /F N Nom -ntes -ntia Gen -ntium -ntium Dat -ntibus -ntibus Acc -ntes -ntia Abl -ntibus -ntibus

  13. So the final result is… Puellamflentem in via vidi I saw a girl crying in the road

  14. A Summary • To form the PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE • Get the base • Figure out what gender, number and case you need from the noun the participle modifies • Add the ending

  15. Let’s look at that chart Again Singular M /F N Nom -ns -ns Gen -ntis -ntis Dat -nti -nti Acc -ntem -ns Abl -nte -nte Plural M /F N Nom -ntes -ntia Gen -ntium -ntium Dat -ntibus -ntibus Acc -ntes -ntia Abl -ntibus -ntibus

  16. What endings are these? M/F N * * is is ii em * e e M/F N esia iumium ibusibus esia ibusibus

  17. Here are some more Examples I do not like that man standing near the road. Illum ad viamstantem non amo. That man is acc. masc. sing. Sooooooo… Stantem has to be acc. masc. sing tooooooo. Stem = sta Add - ntem Gives you stantem

  18. What About 3rdi-stem and 4th conjugations? • They follow almost the same rules • 2nd principal part (same) • Drop the –ere or -ire (different) • Add -ie - (different) • Then add the same endings you use for 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugation (same)

  19. Here is an example • Discipulimagistramaudientesmultadidicerunt. • The students listening to the teacher learned many things.

  20. Still mOre to think about • In the English sentences we have been creating the participle form by adding –ingto the verb WITHOUT ANY HELPING VERB • I saw a girl crying • That is how you form a present participle in English • Technically this is the only translation that makes it clear that you have a present active participle • But it is no the only way that you are allowed to translate a present active participle.

  21. Here are other translations • Please note that the following are not technically participle forms in ENGLISH, but they often have to be used to CLEARLY translate the Latin. • In each case what you are doing is making a subordinate clause. • Let’s use the example Discipulimagistramaudientesmultadidicerunt

  22. discipulimagistramaudientesmultadidicerunt • The students listening to the teacher learned many things • The students who were listening to the teacher learned many things • Because the students were listening to the teacher, they learned many things • While the students were listening to the teacher, they learned many things • When the students were listening to the teacher, they learned many things

  23. The details • Technically the only one of the previous examples that is a participle in ENGLISH is the first one. • The students listening to the teacher learned many things • All the other examples are subordinate clauses in ENGLISH • BUT they are acceptable translations because there will be times when the –ing option just does not sound right.

  24. YOUR MISSION SHOULD YOU DECIDE TO ACCEPT IT • Go to latinathensdrivehs.wikispaces.com • Go to Latin3 grammar • Download Participles Explained. You can print the entire document, but for now you only NEED the first page. I would just print that one. • STUDY IT AND KEEP IT IN YOUR NOTEBOOK.

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