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The Reformation 1500s

The Reformation 1500s. The Reformers. Martin Luther John Calvin Henry VIII. Remember:. The Church was incredibly powerful and influential-even over nobility They taught that they could not be wrong about anything .

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The Reformation 1500s

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  1. The Reformation 1500s

  2. The Reformers • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Henry VIII

  3. Remember: • The Church was incredibly powerful and influential-even over nobility • They taught that they could not be wrong about anything. • If you disagreed you could be excommunicated (or declared a heretic…death)

  4. However: • New literacy (Gutenberg’s printing press) led to new interpretation of Bible • Scientific advances which contradicted the church • The behavior of some priests during the Black Death gave people doubt • Humanism led to new ideas about the importance of every individual

  5. Martin Luther • Lived in Germany, trained in law • Chooses life as a monk • Upset over local corruption • Priest Tetzel selling indulgences (tickets to heaven) • Collects ideas and writes 95 Theses

  6. Luther's 95 Theses • A list of things he thought were wrong (95 Complaints)-mailed to Pope • The Power of the Pope…all are equal in eyes of God • The Extreme Wealth of the Church • Indulgences (Catholic concept of salvation) • No celibacy, vernacular, faith alone!

  7. Luther's 95 Theses • Gutenberg’s printing press spread ideas • Gained support from people… especially peasants* • Criticism/negative reaction from Rome

  8. Luther on Trial • The Diet of Worms (court trial) • 1520 Pope Leo X orders Luther to give up his beliefs (recant) • Luther burned the order and was excommunicated • Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further-equality in faith, mass in vernacular!

  9. Acceptance of Reforms • Some local German churches accepted Luther’s ideas • Lutheranism was formed • Supported by German princes* who issued a formal “protest” against the church for suppressing the reforms • The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

  10. CALVINISM • Started in Switzerland – Calvinists • England = Puritans • Scotland = Presbyterians • Holland = Dutch Reform • France = Huguenots* • Germany = Reform Church

  11. John Calvin • Anti-Catholic • Influenced by Martin Luther • Disagreed with Luther’s “salvation through faith alone.” • Believed theocracy best government • Created his own Protestant denomination in Switzerland

  12. Calvin believed: • Purified approach to life: • No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc.. • “puritan work ethic”

  13. Predestination • Calvin believed in: • Predestination • At birth it is already decided if you will go to heaven or hell

  14. John Calvin “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

  15. For what cause would you risk burning at the stake?

  16. 1529 Religious Wars in Germany 1. German princes vs. Emperor Charles V2. Charles V wins, but can’t force everyone back to Catholic Church3. 1555 Peace of Augsburg: Official faith decided by local ruler

  17. 1500 A.D. 1560 A.D. 1600 A.D. # of followers Catholic Protestant (Lutheran, Anglican, etc.)

  18. The Catholic Church wants to stop the spread of Protestantism It was losing members which meant: losing money, land and authority They refocused and reformed a number of practices following the: Council of Trent (Catholic Reformation) Opened theology schools to counter Protestant experts (ex/ Jesuits)

  19. The Council of Trent 1545-63 • Catholic bishops gathered to reform and counter Protestants • No more indulgences • Church decides interpretation of Bible • 7 sacraments not just bap/com • Pilgrimage/penance forgive sins (good works + faith upheld) • Clerical celibacy upheld • Mass continue in Latin

  20. Christianity by 1700 Protestant Catholic Eastern Orthodox Lutheran Calvinism Puritan Presbyterian Huguenots Mennonites/Amish

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