Island Southeast Asia

1. Island Southeast Asia Preview Section 1:Natural Environments Section 2:History and Culture Section 3:The Region Today Chapter Wrap-Up

2. Section 1: Natural Environments Read to Discover • What landforms are found in island Southeast Asia, and what are some physical processes that have shaped them? • What climates, biomes, and natural resources does the region have?

3. Section 1: Natural Environments • Islands—Malay Archipelago (more than 20,000 islands), including Sumatra, New Guinea, Borneo, Philippines • High peaks on some islands, some with glaciers • Seas and narrow straits between islands and mainland • Geologically active area—Tectonic plate movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes, mudflows Landforms

4. Section 1: Natural Environments Question What are the climates of island Southeast Asia, and what factors influence the type of climate in each country?

5. Section 1: Natural Environments CLIMATES OF ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA Tropical Wet and Dry Tropical Humid Highland Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, most of Indonesia Eastern islands of Indonesia, southern Irian Jaya Central Borneo, central Irian Jaya Countries or Regions Factors that Influence the Climate Tropical location Tropical location, monsoons High elevation

6. Section 1: Natural Environments • Tropical rain forests and mangroves • Great variety of plants and animals with one of Earth’s highest levels of biodiversity, including endemic species (Komodo dragon, Javan rhinoceros, orangutan) Biomes

7. Section 1: Natural Environments • Forests, fisheries, volcanic soils for farming, rubber tree plantations • Copper, gold, tin; oil and natural gas (Brunei, Indonesia, possibly near the Spratly Islands southwest of the Philippines) Natural Resources

8. Section 2: History and Culture Read to Discover • What early peoples migrated to island Southeast Asia? • How did colonialism affect the region’s history? • What are the people and culture of island Southeast Asia like today?

9. Section 2: History and Culture Question Who were the early peoples of island Southeast Asia, and what did each group accomplish?

10. Hindus and Buddhists Kingdoms established in Java and Sumatra by A.D. 700; controlled trade, built monuments; Majapahit largest kingdom Section 2: History and Culture EARLY PEOPLES OF ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA Arabs Trading in the region by 1300s; introduced Islam First Humans In Philippines more than 30,000 years Chinese Traders settled in coastal cities Malays Migrated from Asia about 2000 B.C.

11. Section 2: History and Culture • First Malay people from Asia arrived about 2000 B.C. • Indian Hindus came later; Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms established in Java, Sumatra. • Chinese merchants arrived and settled, forming a large minority population. • Arab traders came by 1300s, settling down and spreading Islam. Influences

12. Section 2: History and Culture • Spain brought Catholicism to the Philippines; Manila became a trade link with China and the Americas; later became U.S. colony. • Holland controlled the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) for the spice trade. • Britain colonized Malaysia and founded Singapore; built roads, plantations, and schools; brought in Chinese and Indian workers, now large ethnic groups in the region. Effects of Colonialism

13. Section 2: History and Culture • Diverse population, many languages • Some large cities, but population still mainly rural • Religion—Buddhism (Malaysia, Singapore); Islam (Indonesia, Malaysia); Hinduism (Bali); Christianity (Philippines) • Rice cultivation • Other features—Traditional clothing styles for tropics; batik cloth People and Culture

14. Section 3: The Region Today Read to Discover • How has island Southeast Asia’s economy changed in recent decades? • What are the cities of the region like? • What challenges do the people of the region face?

15. Section 3: The Region Today • Growing trade and investment links; ASEAN • Rapid industrial growth and modernization in 1980s and 1990s • Improved standards of living in Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia • Privatization in Malaysia Economic Changes

16. Section 3: The Region Today Question What are the similarities and differences of the four cities of island Southeast Asia?

17. Kuala LumpurPetronas Towers, surrounded by kampongs, smoggy SingaporeClean, wealthy, orderly, low crime rate In Common Large, crowded, growing rapidly, with modern urban centers and government buildings ManilaSurrounded by slums JakartaSurrounded by kampongs Section 3: The Region Today CITIES OF ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

18. Section 3: The Region Today • Rapid urbanization • Major cities and capitals—Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Singapore • Singapore—Wealthiest, cleanest, and most orderly city; strict laws restrict behavior • Others have smog and traffic problems Cities

19. Section 3: The Region Today • Urban growth • Protecting political and personal freedoms • Ethnic and political tensions in Indonesia (East Timor, Aceh, Irian Jaya, Moluccas) • Muslim separatism and conflict in the Philippines • Environment—Deforestation, loss of wildlife diversity, overfishing, pollution • Poverty and economic development Challenges

20. Chapter Wrap-UpUnderstanding Main Ideas 1. Why is the land of island Southeast Asia so unstable in some areas? 2. How do the region’s location and monsoons influence its climates? 3. Which ethnic group makes up the majority of Singapore’s population? Do members of that ethnic group tend to live in urban or rural areas throughout island Southeast Asia? 4. What is the dominant religion of island Southeast Asia? What other religions are practiced there? 5. What economic, environmental, and political challenges face the region today?