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Science , Technology and Innovation in Latinamerica .

Science , Technology and Innovation in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña Coordinador Comité Regional Latinoamérica y el Caribe, ICSU Instituto de Matemáticas, UNAM, México Director Adjunto de Desarrollo Científico y Académico. Life expectancy (2006).

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Science , Technology and Innovation in Latinamerica .

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  1. Science, Technology and Innovation in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña Coordinador Comité Regional Latinoamérica y el Caribe, ICSU Instituto de Matemáticas, UNAM, México Director Adjunto de Desarrollo Científico y Académico

  2. Lifeexpectancy (2006) Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  3. International level of competitivity Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  4. Programme for International Student Assesment (PISA)

  5. Coverage of terciaryeducation. East Asia and Oceania South Asia South Sahara Africa Europe Latin America Middle East and North Africa Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  6. The top 200 universities London Times Ranking. Peer Employer staff/stud citation/staff internatstaff student • 1 Harvard US 100 100 100 96 93 91 • 2 University of Cambridge UK 100 100 99 83 98 96 • 2 University of Oxford UK 100 100 100 82 97 96 • 2 Yale University US 100 98 100 91 84 75 • 5 Imperial College London UK 99 99 100 81 98 100 • 175 University of São Paulo Brazil 65 59 51 63 24 14 • 177 University of Campinas Brazil 52 30 78 73 43 16 • 188 University of Oslo Norway 61 25 54 62 51 55 • 190 University of Surrey UK 33 79 61 64 95 92 • 191 Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. US 44 44 44 90 70 58 • 192 Univ. Nac. Aut. de México Mex. 74 78 64 13 28 13 Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  7. Master and PhD fellowships, 1994-2007 25,339 Vigentes 20,111 13,326 19,243 16,816 13,483 12,371 11,934 10,088 10,027 10,266 10,110 10,249 10,000 8,758 8,296 7,045 6,669 5,989 6,133 6,054 5,929 5,800 5,296 5,200 Crecimiento de nuevas becas = - 1% Crecimiento de nuevas becas = 67% Anual fellowshipsgrantedbyCONACyT, México Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  8. Number of researchers. • Europa • País Investigadores • Alemania 268,943 • España 92,523 • Francia 192,790 • Italia 71,242 • Reino Unido 157,662 • Suecia 47,836 • América del Norte • País Investigadores • Canada 112,624 • E.U.A 1,334,628 • México 33,907 • América del Sur • País Investigadores • Argentina 29,471 • Brasil 59,838 • Chile 7,085 • Oriente • País Investigadores • Japón 675,330 • Corea 151,254 Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  9. AnnualGrowthRate (AGR) and overallchange of world share (Growth) forcountries Most dinamically growing countries in 1991-2003, with at least 500 papers in 1991.

  10. Members of Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, México (1990-2008) in someageintervals. Year Total SNI SNI 31-40 % 31-40 SNI 51-60 % 51-60 • 1990 6165 3073 49 764 12 • 1995 5868 2545 43 825 14 • 2000 7466 2448 32 1407 18 • 2005 10904 3195 29 2281 20 • 2008 14681 3875 26 3869 26 Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  11. General characteristics of science in Latinamerica. • Garrahan (1990): In my country there are scientists but not science. • Collaboration is closer with the US and Europa than among countries of the region. • E. Garfield: inside the latinamerican countries there are ‘islands of competition’. They dont share equipement, dont quote each other… Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  12. Researchnetworks. Research networks are based on the logic of collaboration: they connect groups with similar interests in the search for the resolution of complex problems. Networks provide the force and intelligence of multi-disciplinary groups of differents institutions in different countries. Networks allow the sharing of intrumentation, documentation, the exchange of scholars and students.

  13. Paperspublishedbymexican in collaborationwithnationals of othercountries. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  14. ¿Cuáles Redes Temáticas?: CONACyT, México Enseñanza, Planeación de las Ciencias y Estudios Multidisciplinarios Física de Altas Energías Ecosistemas Energía Agua Alimentos, Agricultura y Biotecnología Código debarras dela vida Modelación matemática y computacional Medio Ambiente y sustentabilidad Nanociencias y Nuevos materiales Nuevas Tendencias de la Medicina Tecnologías de la Información Pobreza y Desarrollo Urbano Procesos Industriales

  15. Integration process in Latinamerica: • Collaboration with international organizations. The case of ICSU. • Continental networks. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  16. ICSU nationalmembers and regional offices Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  17. ICSU mission and vision. • Mission: To strengthen international science for the benefit of society • Vision: “A world where science is used for the benefit of all, excellence in science is valued and scientific knowledge is effectively linked to policy-making. In such a world, universal and equitable access to scientific data and information is a reality and all countries have the scientific capacity to use these ….” Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  18. ICSU scientific programs: IPY 2007-2008 An intensive burst of internationally coordinated, interdisciplinary, scientific research and observations focussed on the Earth’s Polar regions 1 March 2007 to 1 March 2009 IPY is a Programme of ICSU and WMO 2nd RCLAC Meeting

  19. Onthework of RCLAC-ICSU • The ROLAC should serve as source of information on science for the region and serve as link with the following entities: • 1. International organizations. • World Bank, UNESCO, OAS, OIE, IDB. • 2. National ICSU members. • 3. Disciplinary unions. • 4. Networks of LAC region scientific societies. • 1st RLAC: Panamá City, december 2006; • 2nd RLAC: Río de Janeiro, Brazil, april 2007; • 3rd RCLAC: Mexico, september 2007; • 4th RCLAC: Santiago, Chile, march 2008. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  20. Regional Office: priorityareas. • The Committee reached the decision that Mathematical Education should be a priority area to be developed. The Committee decided also to develop the following areas: • Biodiversity: knowledge, preservation and utilization of biodiversity of all countries in the LAC region assuring that the scientific communities of the small countries are engaged in ICSU programs (DIVERSITAS). • Natural disasters: prevention and mitigation of risks specially of hydrometeorologic origin with special attention to the necessary social science research. • Sustainable energy: assessment of the potential capacities for development and implementation of novel technologies in the LAC region and evaluation of the social impact of the use and development of new energy resources. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  21. Historically, the strongest links of the scientific communities of the region were with the United States and Europe. • Since the 50´s there were efforts to have closer disciplinary contacts among the countries in the region. • In particular, the ELAF (Escuela Latinoamericana de Física) and the ELAM (Escuela Latinoamericana de Matemáticas) were organized. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  22. In 1990, UNESCO initiated other Latin American regional scientific networks using the model of RELAB. They were the following: RELAFI (Latin American Physics Network); RELACQ (Latin American Chemical Science Network); RELAMA (Latin American Mathematics Network); RELAA (Latin American Astronomy Network); RELACT (Latin American Earth Sciences Network). Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  23. After a couple of years RELAMA transformed to UMALCA (=Unión Matemática de América Latina y el Caribe). • UMALCA is a network formed by the mathematical societies of the countries of the region with more solid communities: • Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, México, Perú, Uruguay and Venezuela. • Founded in July 1995 in Río de Janeiro. • It is was conceived as a scientific network under the auspice of UNESCO, but support was very dim. • The societies members provide financial support for the activities of UMALCA. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  24. About mathematical research in Latin America: • There are around 1,200 active mathematicians. • Distribution in the continent is uneven. • There are mathematical communities with long tradition (60 years) in Argentina and México. • Brazil has the largest mathematical community. • There has been strong development in Chile and Venezuela in the last years. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  25. UMALCA schools. In 10 years, there have been 5 EMALCAs in México and 5 in Venezuela. New EMALCAS: in mathematically emerging countries. La Habana (2004), Cochabamba (2004), San José (2005), Asunción (2005), Nicaragua (2007), Bolivia (2007), Bogotá (2007). Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  26. Growth of individual income (nominal and real). Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  27. Investment in research and development. US dolars by researcher. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  28. Strategicplanning • Not only higher investment is necessary. • Strategic planification is in order: • definition of priorities; • focusing the training of students, reasearch and applications; • private and public investment on priority areas. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  29. Destino de los becarios CONACyT (México) 1990-2008. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  30. Use of technology in mexicanproduction. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  31. Patentsregistered in México (1989-2006) Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  32. Interactionscience-industry. Scientific networks may help for the relations science-industry, as shown by recent studies by the MIT Sloan School of Management. The process of invention-technological development-patenting and enterprenurial development accelerates through the interaction of different groups and institutions.

  33. Technology: a comparison Country Patents granted % Exportation Phones % of Users of /million of products of per thousand University Internet habitants high technology habitants students /thousands in sciences of persons Finland 187 50.7 1203 27.4 200.2 United States 289 66.2 993 13.9 179.1 Sweden 271 59.7 1247 15.3 125.8 Japan 994 80.8 1007 10 49 UK 82 61.9 1037 14.9 57.4 Canada 31 48.7 881 14.2 108 Australia 75 16.2 862 25.3 125.9 Germany 235 64.2 874 14.4 41.2 Belgium 72 47.6 817 13.6 58.9 France 205 58.9 943 12.6 36.4 Hong Kong 6 33.6 1212 9.8 33.6 Mexico 1 66.3 192 5 9.2 Chile 0 6.1 358 13.2 6.2 Brazil 2 32.9 238 3.4 7.2 China 1 39 120 3.2 0.1 • Source:United Nations Development Program. Report 2001

  34. Recomendaciones. Educación básica y secundaria. • Prestar especial atención a la formación y capacitación de maestros de estos niveles educativos. • Fomentar el interés y la curiosidad de los estudiantes por las áreas de las ciencias. Educación terciaria. • Fomento a la creación de carreras científicas diferenciadas, orientadas a la resolución de problemas, según las condiciones de desarrollo científico e industrial y las prioridades de la región donde se encuentra la institución. • Modernización de la infraestructura experimental a la que pueden acceder los estudiantes de carreras científicas. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  35. Recomendaciones Posgrado y formación de científicos. • Incrementar los programas de becas y orientarlos hacia las áreas prioritarias de acuerdo a los intereses regionales de desarrollo de los países. • Fortalecer los programas de posgrado de la región por medio de intercambio de profesores y estudiantes, y la atracción de estudiantes a los centros científicos más importantes de la región. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  36. Recomendaciones. Consolidación del sistema científico nacional. • Enfocar los esfuerzos de formación de estudiantes, creación de plazas de investigación, apoyo a la creación de grupos y unidades de investigación en áreas de interés estratégico para la región. • Creación de plazas de investigación suficientes para absorber a los mejores estudiantes graduados en las áreas prioritarias para el país, en particular, por medio de sistemas de retiro digno de profesores. • Aumento del apoyo gubernamental al presupuesto en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, a fin de alcanzar en algunos años el mínimo recomendado de 1% como porcentaje del PIB. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  37. Recomendaciones. Formación y consolidación de redes científicas. • Apoyar la formación y consolidación de redes científicas temáticas en las áreas de interés nacional y vincular estas redes con el sistema industrial del país. • Apoyar la integración latinoamericana por medio del fortalecimiento de redes de investigación en temas prioritarios para la región. Estas redes deberían contar con la atención de los gobiernos de la región. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

  38. Recomendaciones. Apoyo a la vinculación ciencia-industria. • Crear, de parte del gobierno y de la iniciativa privada, las condiciones financieras (deducción impositiva, capital de riesgo…) para lograr el establecimiento de vínculos entre la academia y la industria. • Fomentar programas de estancias de estudiantes avanzados en la industria, de manera que se familiaricen con problemas reales de la región y la industria perciba la importancia de contar con personal con entrenamiento especializado de alto nivel. • Promover una mayor inversión del capital privado (sobre todo entre las grandes empresas) en investigación y desarrollo tecnológico. Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

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