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Unit 18. Cold War China Korean and Vietnam war End of Cold War. From Unit 17. Finish WWII from Space Film. The Cold War. At the end of World War II, the United States and Soviet Union were left as the World’s two major powers-
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Unit 18 Cold War China Korean and Vietnam war End of Cold War
From Unit 17 • Finish WWII from Space Film
The Cold War • At the end of World War II, the United States and Soviet Union were left as the World’s two major powers- • Why do you think these countries were left as the two major powers? • the United States had vast economic power and the atomic bomb: • the Soviet Union had the massive Red Army. • They became known as the Superpowers. • During World War II, these two countries had been allies, despite the fact that their political, economic, and social systems were quite different.
Superpower influence • After the war, each superpower attempted to extend its influence, quickly leading to a “Cold War”- emerging first in Europe and then in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. • Why was the word cold used during this time of influence? • The Cold War was “cold” only in the sense that the two Superpowers never confronted one another directly in open warfare. • Why was this a war? • But their global competition led to crises and conflicts on every continent, dominating world events for the next 45 years.
Roots of the Cold War • The roots of the Cold War lay in the competing ideological systems of the Western democracies and Soviet Communism. • While Western nations hoped to spread democracy and free enterprise, Soviet leaders promoted the spread of Communism.
How do you define western democracy and Soviet Communism: political, individual rights, and economic? • (WD) Political System- Citizens elected representatives and national leaders. People had the right to form their own political parties. VS. • (SC) Political System- The Soviet Union was a dictatorshipcontrolled by Communist Party leaders. The Communist Party was the only political party permitted to operate.
How do you define western democracy and Soviet Communism: political, individual rights, and economic? • (WD) Individual Rights- Citizens had basic rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion. Vs. (SC) Ordinary citizens had a few rights. The government controlled radio, television, and newspapers. Secret police arrested all critics of the government. The practice of reliigon was discouraged.
How do you define western democracy and Soviet Communism: political, individual rights, and economic? • (WD) Economic System- Economic Freedom allowed people and corporations to own land and businesses. Businesses provided goods and services in order to make a profit. Vs. • (SC) Economic system- Many forms of private were abolished. With state ownership and central planning, the government controlled all production. Private farms became state-owned collective farms.
THE COLD WAR - PART 1: From World War to Cold War • Who was the United States President ? • Who was the Britain prime Minister? • Who was the dictator of the Soviet Union? • What do each of these leaders want?
The Cold War Begins in Europe • Even before the war ended, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin had met in the Soviet Union at the Yalta Conference in 1945 to make plans for the post-war world. • They agreed to divide Germany into four separate zones of occupation, controlled by three allies and France. • Stalin also pledged to allow free elections in Eastern Europe when the war was over.
An Iron Curtain Falls on Eastern Europe • Stalin never kept his promise to hold free elections in Eastern Europe (remember: Yalta Conference in 1945 ) • Instead the Soviet army, which occupied Eastern Europe at the war, placed local Communism in Power. • Why do you think Stalin placed local Communism in power? • Stalin felt the Soviets had the right to control Eastern Europe to act as a buffer to protect Soviet security.
Iron Curtain • In 1946, Winston Churchill announced that an “Iron Curtain” had descended on Eastern Europe. The nations of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and later East Germany became Soviet satellites. • SEE next slide for MAP
Effects of the Iron Curtain • Trade and communications between Eastern and Western and Western Europe were cut off. • Eastern European governments were forced to create Communist economies and to follow policies dictated by the Soviet Union • Churchill saw the Iron Curtain as the divisions between the Western powers and the area controlled by the Soviet Union. How did this speech mark the beginning of the Cold War? See Speech by Winston Churchill
Growing American involvement • Western leaders began to fear that Stalin was another Hitler, bent on world conquest. • Why do you think the United States had to be involved? In the post war period, the United States was the only country powerful enough to resist the Soviet Union and the Spread of Communism.
Containment of Communism • In 1947, Britain withdrew its troops from Greece, where Communist rebels were threatening the government. • President Truman announced the United States would give aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent Communist penetration. He offered to support all free peoples resisting Communism. • This policy, known as the TRUMAN DOCTRINE, marked the beginning of America’s containment policy: • the United States would not overturn Communism where it existed, but it would take steps to prevent Communism from spreading any further.
Marshall Plan • Later that same year of the Truman Doctrine, the United States announced the Marshall Plan: • the plan gave billions of dollars in financial aid to Western European nations in an effort to help them rebuild their war-torn economies. • Do you feel the Marshall Plan was needed? And Why? The aim of the Marshall Plan was to build future trading partners for the United States and to help Europeans resist Communism.
The Berlin Airlift and the division of Germany • In 1948, the Western allies took the first steps to merge their zones of occupation in Germany Stalin reacted by closing all Western highway and railroad links to Berlin. The Western allies began a massive airlift to feed and supply the city. Within a year, Stalin admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.
Division of Germany • In 1949, the three Western zones of occupation were officially merged into a new independent state, known as the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). • Stalin responded by turning the Soviet zone into the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) • See Map: Why were links to West Berlin of such great importance?
Formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact • In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European countries formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) see map
NATO and Warsaw Pact • WHY this organization of countries needed? • NATO was formed to protect Western Europe from Communist aggression. • With NATO, the United States pledged to defend Western Europe with its nuclear weapons. • How do you think the Soviets responded? • Soviet leaders responded in 1955 by creating the Warsaw Pact with their Eastern European allies. • When Hungary tried to drop out from the pact, Soviet forces moved in to crush the uprisings.
Daily Grade • THE COLD WAR - PART 2- Containment (2 of 2) • What is the Marshall Plan? • What is the Berlin Blockade? • What was the Berlin airlift? • Why did the Soviets lift the Blockade? • What is NATO? And what does it stand for? • Why did China fall into communist rule? • Did WWIII almost happen? Explain
Day ThreeThe Cold War Reaches Asia Just When Western statesmen believed they had succeeded in checking the spread of Communism in Europe, the world’s most populous nation turned Communist.
Chiang Kai-Shek Leader of China Mao Zedong Communist Leader in China
The Communist Revolution in China • Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) had defeated local warlords and united most of China in 1928. • He then became engaged in a long struggle against both Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. • Mao Zedong, leader of the Communists, retreated with his forces to northwestern China in what became known as the Long March(1934-1937).
Civil War • Nationalist and communist were fighting a civil war when Mao Zedong started recruiting peasants to join his Red army and trained them in guerrilla warfare. Nationalist attacked to discourage the communist but failed to drive them out. • While a civil war was fought, Japanese forces took advantage of China’s weakening satiation. This threat forced an uneasy trace between Jiang’s and Mao’s forces and own kind of communism.
The Communist Revolution in China • In 1937, Japan invaded China • China Nationalist and Communist forces agreed to cooperate in defeating the Japanese. • After Japanese was defeated in 1945, fighting resumed between the Nationalists and Communists. • The Soviets helped the Communists, who quickly achieved control over most of he countryside. • They won the support of the peasantry through their land-reform programs. • In 1949, Mao Zedong and the Communists finally drove Chiang and the Nationalists Chinese out of the mainland China. • Chiang retreated to the island of Taiwan vowing to return to the mainland.
Red Star over China • Once Mao Zedong took control of China, all aspects of life came under the direct control of the Communist Party. • While Soviet Communism had emphasized the role of Urban workers, Mao emphasized the role of the peasantry. • He believed this emphasis created a new form of Communism that was more suitable to Asia. • .
Red Star over China • The changes that Mao introduced dramatically changed all aspects of traditional life: • Elimination of the “Capitalist Class”- The Communist said these capitalists exploited others. • Reeducation- Communist beliefs became required learning in all universities and schools. Newspapers and books were brought under government control to promote Communism. Even music and art came under the direct supervision of the government. • The Family- Family authority was replaced by the authority of the Communist Party. Children were taught to obey the state, not their parents. Ancestor worship was forbidden. The father’s role as the family leader was weakened
The “Great Leap Forward” • Starting in 1956, Mao began forcing peasants into cooperative farms in which families shared in the work and divided the crops. • These cooperative farms were merged into larger communes. • In 1958, Mao introduced a Five Year Plan aimed at turning China into an industrial power.
Mao’s Five Year Plan was a disaster • China’s vast population was used to build dams, roads, and factories. • BUT Because of poor planning- • The high cost of foreign machinery and equipment, the plan was an economic disaster. • As a result, China faced starvation and economic crisis that saw as many as 30 to 50 million die.
Korean War (1950-1953) • After Mao’s victory in China, Western leaders feared Communism was on the March. • Like Germany, Korea had been divided in 1945 into Communist and non-Communist state. • 1950- communist North Koreans invaded South Korea, President Truman and other Western leaders believed it was necessary to take a firm stand against Communism.
Korean War (1950-1953) • Under a U.N. resolution, the United States and other countries intervened and forced the Communists back to North Korea. U.N. forces, led by General Douglas MacArthur, then invaded North Korea. • When they neared the Chinese border, China itself intervened. General MacArthur thought of using nuclear weapons against China, but President Truman refused to consider this option. • Instead, he removed MacArthur from his command. • In 1953, the war ended leaving North and South Korea divided exactly as they had been before the war began.
China’s Cultural Revolution • By 1962, border disputes and Mao’s condemnation of reforms in the Soviet Union led to an open disagreement between China and the Soviet Union. (Sino- Soviet split) • Mao used the Sino-Soviet split to launch a new bid for world leadership of the Communist movement. Why? • Mao was concerned about the loss of enthusiasm for Communism by party officials inside China. • Mao wanted to cover up his mistakes in the Great Leap Forward.
Mao’s Cultural Revolution • Because of this low enthusiasm and his low popularity in leading, he now made a bold attempt to push China towards the ideal Communist society by announcing the Cultural Revolution. Mao’s sayings in his “Little Red Book” served as its blueprint.
QuestionsChapter 33 section one • How did U.S. goals and Soviet goals differ after World War II? • What countries were separated from the West by the Iron Curtain? • What was the Berlin air lift? • What are three developments or events that increased tensions during the Cold War?
The Cold War reaches Asia • Just when Western statesmen believed they had succeeded in checking the spread of Communism in Europe, the World’s most populous nation turned communist. • CHINA
Page 781-784 • What did China’s Nationalist want? • What role did Jiang Jieshi play in creating the civil war? • What finally united Communist and non-Communist forces? • Summarize the collapse of Imperial China and the struggle between the Nationalists and Communists for control over China.
What did China’s Nationalist want? • Political and economic rights for all Chinese people and the end of foreign control of China • What role did Jiang Jieshi play in creating the civil war? • Jiang Jieshi became leader of the Kuomintang who were business people. Communist ideas were feared. 1927 Jiang fought the Communists and the Communists were forced into hiding., but soon China was torn into a civil war between the remaining Communisits and Jiang’s forces. • What finally united Communist and non-Communist forces? • Japan invaded China in Manchuria. Later they began invading other areas of China. With this new threat, Jiang and the Communists agreed to unite temporarily to fight the Japanese.
