• Psycho social Stages of Development 8 stages:Erik Erikson

1. • Psycho social Stages of Development8 stages:Erik Erikson • Stage 1:(trust versus mistrust- Birth to about 18 Months): • The baby must learn to develop basic trust, failure lead to social withdrawal & depression.

2. Stage 2: (Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt-18 Months to 3 Years): • Development of speech ,sphincter and muscular control, if failed regression may results • Stage 3: (Initiative versus Guilt- ( 3 - 5 Years) : • Development of a superego, locomotors and language skills expands, failureleads to guilt and anxiety

3. Stage 4: (Industry versus Inferiority ( 5 -13 Years): - The child discovers the pleasures of production, if failed may develop a sense of inferiority and inadequacy. • Stage 5: (Identity versus Role Confusion- (13 -21 Years): • The ability to leave home and live independently, Failure lead to inability to separate from the parents.

4. Stage 6: Intimacy versus Isolation ( 21 - 40 Years): - Ability to make and commitments to affiliations and partnerships, failure lead to become deeply isolated • Stage 7: Generatively versus Stagnation (40 - Years): - Capacity to form intimate relationships with groups, organizations and society, failure lead to lead to personal stagnation.

5. Stage 8: Integrity versus Despair (about 60 Years to Death): - Acceptance of one's life and significant changes , or may have fear of death, despair and hopelessness.

6. The Dynamics of Motivations • Motivation: is an “internal state that activates, guides behavior and directs it toward a goal”. • focus on behavior (e.g. the thirsty person to drink, the person in pain to escape from the painful stimulus).

7. Factors affecting motivation: • 1- Instinct:"an innate biological force that predisposes the person to act in a certain predictable way when stimulus is present ". - our thoughts and behaviors are the result of instincts. -Some instincts include (curiosity – reproduction – construction) .

8. 2- Needs and Drives: *Need: represents physiological state of tissue as a result of lack of food, water, oxygen or avoidance of pain. *Drive: Drive refers to the psychological consequences of a need “motivates the person to initiate behavior or action”.

9. 3- Learning: - human motivations are learned. - People with high need to achieve realistic and challenging goals, and persistlonger and do better on difficulttasks.

10. Types of motivators: • Hunger: - Powerful motivator, influence the feeling of hunger. - If you are accustomed to eat at certain times of a day, you will feel hungry at that times. II. Thirst: - Water deficit motivates the person to drink.

11. III. Sex: - Essential to the survival of species. • IV. Avoidance of pain: -The need to avoid tissue damage (fire) is essential to the survival of any organism.

12. Human Motivations and needs: - Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs: • Self actualization • Self esteem • Belonging & love • Safety & security needs • Physiological needs

13. * The needs at one level must be at least partially satisfiedbeforethe next level become important determiners of action • When food and safety are difficult to obtain, satisfaction of these needs will dominate person’s action & higher motives have little significance • approximately 1% of people self-actualized. emotion

14. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs