Question of the Day

Question of the Day • Three people check into a hotel for which they pay the manager $30. The manager finds out the rate is $25 and gives $5 to the bellboy to return. To make it easier, the bellboy pockets $2 and gives $1 back to each person.Each person paid $10 and got back $1. So they paid $9 each, totaling $27. The bellboy has $2, totaling $29. Where is the remaining dollar?

Question of the Day • Three people check into a hotel for which they pay the manager $30. The manager finds out the rate is $25 and gives $5 to the bellboy to return. To make it easier, the bellboy pockets $2 and gives $1 back to each person.Each person paid $10 and got back $1. So they paid $9 each, totaling $27. The bellboy has $2, totaling $29. Where is the remaining dollar? • $25 (manager) + $2 (bellboy) + $3 (customers) = $30

CSC 212 – Data Structures Lecture 24:Queues

Using Stack • Last-In, First-Out principle used to access data • Also called LIFO ordering • Top of stack is where data added & removed • Only useful location; cannot access anything else

Stack Limitations • Great for Pez dispensers, JVMs,& methods • All of these use most recent item added only • Do not complain when later additions served first • Many situations use items in order added • Checker at Wegmans& others prevent cutting in line • Use first-come, first-served getting food at dining hall

Stack Limitations • Great for web browsers, JVMs,& methods • All of these use most recent item added only • Do not complain when later additions served first • Many situations use items in order added • Checker at Wegmans& others prevent cutting in line • Use first-come, first-served getting food at dining hall

Queue ADT • Collection’s operations are part of Queue • As in Stack, declares size()& isEmpty() • Add & remove elements using 2 methods • Element gets added to end with enqueue(elem) • dequeue()removes front element in structure • Also includes method to peek in at first element • front()returns element at front without removing

Queue Interface public interface Queue<E> extends Collection {public Efront()throws EmptyQueueException;public Edequeue() throws EmptyQueueException;public void enqueue(E element); } • Very similar to Stackinterface • Defines specific methods to add, remove, & view data • Holds many elements, but can access only one • Stack & Queuealways add to the end • Remove element at start of this Queue… • …while Stack removes element at the end

Stacks vs. Queues • Access data with Stack in LIFO order • LastIn-First Out • Completely unfair (unless you are always late) • Data accessed in Queue using FIFO order • FirstIn-First Out • Lines at bank, airports represented fairly with these

Queue Implementation • “Obvious” implementation uses an array • Must consume a constant amount of space • enqueue()throws exceptionwhen it lacks space • Instead write linked list-based implementation • Singly-, doubly-, or circular-linked list could work • Size of the Queue grows & shrinks as needed • No additional exceptions needed, but is it slower?

Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head

Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head elem

Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head retVal

Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index in r q f r

Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index inr q q f f r r

Array-based Queue Operations Algorithmsize()N q.length return(N -f+r) mod N • Based on clock math • Uses mod (remainder) • Java expressed mod as % • How mod works:0 % 3 = 01 % 3 = 12 % 3 = 23 % 3 = 0

q f r Array-based Queue Operations Algorithmenqueue(e) ifsize() = q.length  1then throw FullQueueException else q[r]e r(r+ 1) mod q.length Algorithmdequeue() ifisEmpty() then throw EmptyQueueException else retValq[f] f(f+ 1) mod q.length returnretVal

Your Turn • Get into your groups and complete activity

For Next Lecture • No weekly assignment this week. Why, you ask? • Friday’s class is quiz covering Stacks & Queues • Midterm #2 will be in class next Wednesday

Question of the Day