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Section 4.3: Conditions and Conditional Functions

Section 4.3: Conditions and Conditional Functions. Conditions. Conditions are most useful in the context of a program. We call the programs that use them conditional programs. We formulate them using conditional expressions. Question 1: Type into Definitions Window. (define age 10)

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Section 4.3: Conditions and Conditional Functions

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  1. Section 4.3: Conditions and Conditional Functions

  2. Conditions Conditions are most useful in the context of a program. • We call the programs that use them conditional programs. • We formulate them using conditional expressions.

  3. Question 1: Type into Definitions Window (define age 10) (cond [(< age 3) “toddler”] [(and (>= age 3) (< age 13)) “pre-teen”] [(and (>= age 13) (< age 20)) “teen”] [(>= age 20) “adult”]) ; returns “pre-teen” Experiment by changing age & re-executing

  4. Syntax Rule #4: Conditionals (cond [question … answer] … [question … answer]) Often, the last part is what answer do you want for everything else, in which case, the last question is else. (cond [question … answer] … [else answer])

  5. Exercise 4.3.1 Decide which of these expressions is legal: (cond (cond [(< n 10) 20] [(< n 10) 20] [(> n 20) 0] [(and (> n 20) (<= n 30))] [else 1]) [else 1])

  6. Exercise 4.3.1 solution • The expressions are identical except for the third line so look at those. • The second expression does not have an answer on the third line: [(and (> n 20) (<= n 30)] so it is an illegal expression.

  7. Why is the following illegal? (cond [(< n 10) 20] [ * 10 n] [else 555])

  8. Because… There is no question on the third line.

  9. Question 2: interest-rate A bank pays higher interest rates to depositors with larger balances: • over $10,000, 6% • over $5000 and up to $10,000, 5.5% • over $1000 and up to $5000, 4.5% • up to $1000, 4%

  10. How do we write this in Scheme?Use a conditional (cond [… …] [… …] [… …] [… …])

  11. How do we write this in Scheme?Filling in the questions (cond [(<= n 1000) …] [(<= n 5000) …] [(<= n 10000) …] [( > n 10000) …])

  12. How do we write this in Scheme?Filling in the answers (cond [(<= n 1000) .040] [(<= n 5000) .045] [(<= n 10000) .055] [( > n 10000) .060])

  13. Write the program (define (interest-rate amount) (cond [(<= amount 1000) .040] [(<= amount 5000) .045] [(<= amount 10000) .055] [( > amount 10000) .060]))

  14. Section 4.4: Designing Conditional Functions

  15. Strategy for conditionals • Identify number of cases; write cond with that many clauses • If answers are simple, write all the answers & then go back to fill in questions • If questions are simple, write all the questions & then fill in answers

  16. Design Recipe – Version 2 • Figure out precisely what you need to do. 1. Understand the problem 2. Function contract 3. NEW STEP – Data Analysis 4. Write examples (in Scheme notation) • Tell the computer how to do it. 5. Write a skeleton 6. NEW STEP – Choose a template 7. Fill in the function body • Check that the computer does it right. 8. Testing and debugging

  17. “interest-rate” again • Understand This problem is about determining the interest rate given an amount of money in the bank. • Contract ;; interest-rate: number -> number

  18. “interest-rate” again • NEW STEP: Data Analysis --We take in a number and determine which of four intervals it is in. --We print out a different number for each of the intervals.

  19. “interest-rate” again • Examples Borderline Cases ;; (interest-rate 0) -> ?? ;; (interest-rate 1000) -> ?? ;; (interest-rate 5000) -> ?? ;; (interest-rate 10000) -> ?? Interval Cases ;; (interest-rate 500) -> ?? ;; (interest-rate 3000) -> ?? ;; (interest-rate 7000) -> ?? ;; (interest-rate 12000) -> ??

  20. “interest-rate” again • Examples Borderline Cases ;; (interest-rate 0) -> .040 ;; (interest-rate 1000) -> .040 ;; (interest-rate 5000) -> .045 ;; (interest-rate 10000) -> .055 Interval Cases ;; (interest-rate 500) -> .040 ;; (interest-rate 3000) -> .045 ;; (interest-rate 7000) -> .055 ;; (interest-rate 12000) -> .060

  21. “interest-rate” again • Skeleton (define (interest-rate amount) ( … amount … ) )

  22. “interest-rate” again • NEW STEP: Template So far we only have one template, for conditionals, so we will use that one. (define (interest-rate amount) (cond [ question answer ] … [ question answer ])

  23. “interest-rate” again • NEW STEP: Template Since we have four cases, we will have four lines of questions and answers, so the template is refined as follows: (define (interest-rate amount) (cond [ question answer ] [ question answer ] [ question answer ] [ question answer ]))

  24. “interest-rate” again • Fill in the Function Body --First fill in the questions. (define (interest-rate amount) (cond [(<= n 1000) answer] [(<= n 5000) answer] [(<= n 10000) answer] [( > n 10000) answer]))

  25. “interest-rate” again • Fill in the Function Body --Now fill in the answers. (define (interest-rate amount) (cond [(<= n 1000) .040] [(<= n 5000) .045] [(<= n 10000) .055] [( > n 10000) .060]))

  26. “interest-rate” again • Testing and Debugging --As always, type each of your examples into the interactions window. --If you get an error message or unexpected answer, debug the program to find your mistake.

  27. Next time… • More on Conditional Functions • Conditional Functions with other data types – string and images

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