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The role of the biosphere in air quality and climate Klaus Butterbach-Bahl

The role of the biosphere in air quality and climate Klaus Butterbach-Bahl Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Fossil fuel burning. CO 2. Industrial sources. Land use change. Rice paddies, wetlands, ruminants. CH 4. Industrial sources.

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The role of the biosphere in air quality and climate Klaus Butterbach-Bahl

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  1. The role of the biosphere in air quality and climate Klaus Butterbach-Bahl Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

  2. Fossil fuel burning CO2 Industrial sources Land use change Rice paddies, wetlands, ruminants CH4 Industrial sources Agriculture, forests, ozeans N2O Soils: 60-70% Why to study biosphere-atmosphere interactions when talking about climate change?

  3. Nitrogen and global population increase Erisman et al., 2008; Nature - Geosciences

  4. The fate of nitrogen N Fertilizer Produced 100

  5. The fate of nitrogen N Consumed N Fertilizer Produced 14 100 14% of the N produced in the Haber-Bosch process enters the human mouth………. Galloway JN and Cowling EB. 2002

  6. The fate of nitrogen N Consumed N Fertilizer Produced N Fertilizer Consumed N in Crop N Harvested N in Food 14 31 26 100 94 47 -12 -47 -6 -16 -5 14% of the N produced in the Haber-Bosch process enters the human mouth……….if you are a vegetarian. Galloway JN and Cowling EB. 2002

  7. Global human population and meat production

  8. The fate of nitrogen N Consumed N Fertilizer Produced N Fertilizer Applied N in Crop N In Feed N in Store 31 100 94 7 47 4 -3 -47 -6 -16 -24 4% of the N produced in the Haber-Bosch process and used for animal production enters the human mouth. Galloway JN and Cowling EB. 2002

  9. The global nitrogen cycle

  10. Nr creation 1995 (left) and 2050 (right) [Tg N yr-1]

  11. Ecological and social consequences of Nr

  12. The Nr cascade

  13. Increase in nitrogen flows in rivers

  14. Nr deposition in 1860 and 1993 [mg m-2 yr-1]

  15. Nr deposition in 1860 and 1993 [mg m-2 yr-1]

  16. Closed nutrient cycles Intensive agriculture Industrialisation Historical development Man labor

  17. 5 N2 6 NOy NHx 9 8 6 1860 120 8 7 11 15 6 0.3 27 5 6 N2 NOy NHx mid-1990s 26 33 23 16 18 110 21 25 39 100 25 N2 + 3H2 48 2NH3 The Global Nitrogen Budget in 1860 and mid-1990s, TgN/yr Galloway et al., 2003b

  18. N2O IPCC 2007

  19. The effect of N on the GHG balance

  20. The effect of N on the GHG balance

  21. GIS coupling for Inventories GIS database for DNDC Data source Data content format ISRIC- WISE ESDB v1 Clay content pH bulk density Polygon 10km x 10km Grid Spatial information SOIL Map of Topsoil OrganicCarbon SOC 1x1 km2 Grid GIS DATABASE MM5 Temperature Precipitation PAR Latitude 10x10 km2 Grid CLIMATE EMEP N deposition 50x50 km2 Grid DNDC CAPRI Crop type/area 1x1 km2 Grid EUStat Fertilizer input Yield (kg/ha) NUTS Regions MANAGEMENT Emission Inventory of European agricultural soils Sowing and Harvest date (2003) LUCAS Points

  22. Inventorying soil N trace gas fluxes and identifying feedbacks Simulated forest area of Europe: 1 410 477km2 Kesik et al., 2006; Biogeosciences

  23. Agricultural soils – NO & N2O emissions Butterbach-Bahl et al., 2008; Atm. Environm.

  24. Soil sources versus industrial sources Soil NOx emissions are contributing in average for entire Europe up to 10% to the tropospheric NOx burden Butterbach-Bahl et al., 2009; Atm. Environm.

  25. Summary • Human activities have perturbed the global nitrogen cycling • Acceleration by a factor of approx. 2 (C <10%) • Large scale environmental impacts, e.g. • eutrophication • Biosphere-atmosphere exchange of GHG‘s • Long-term effects and biosphere feedbacks to climate change unknown • Increase in N use efficiency urgently needed 31 | V. Name | Organisationseinheit | TT.MM.JJJJ

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