World War I Notes Standard: 7-4 Indicator: 7-4.1, 4.2

1. World War I Notes Standard: 7-4 Indicator: 7-4.1, 4.2

2. Alliances –agreements between nations to provide aid and protect on another Causes of WWI – MANIA! Nationalism –extreme pride in one’s country Imperialism –when one country takes over another country economically and politically. Militarism- policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand

3. Militarism

4. Triple Alliance Triple Entente Alliances

6. There were 3 main fronts in the war: Western Front: • In France • Most of trench warfare took place here • Most fighting took place between French and British on one side and Germans on the other. • This led to a Stalemate on Western Front lasting until 1917. **Stalemate= Neither side could force the other into surrendering.

7. Eastern Front: • Most fighting here was between the Germans and Russians with some involvement from Serbia and other nations trying to break free from imperial rule. Italian Front: • Most fighting here included Italy alongside the French against Germany and Austro Hungary and the very countries it had allied itself with at the beginning of the war. • Russia withdrew from the war in 1917 which had a major impact as Germany then focused on the Western Front with a stronger potential for victory!

10. Nationalism~the major cause of WWI • At the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of preserving the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and that of Germany in 1871. Another result was that France lost Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and regaining it was a major goal of the French. Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans, areas comprised of many conflicting national groups. The ardent Pan Slavism of Serbia and Russia's willingness to support its Slavic brother conflicted with Austria-Hungary's Pan-Germanism.

11. Imperialism • Great Britain, Germany and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution. • These countries competed for economic expansion in Africa. Although Britain and France resolved their differences in Africa, several crises foreshadowing the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France in North Africa. • In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Russia.

12. European Conquest of Africa

13. The“Spark”

14. Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.

16. Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.

17. Domino Effect Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary. Russia pledged their support for Serbia.

18. Domino Effect Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France. Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

19. World War I Allied Powers Central Powers

21. Why was WWI a Stalemate? • What’s a stalemate? • Neither side can make a move to win. • Machine gun. How did this change war? How was it fought before? • Trench Warfare = “solution”. • Millions die without gaining ground.

22. Prior to WWI: The Russian Revolution • Russians were discontent over economic, political and social issues concerning high taxes, working conditions, and political rights. • Czar (Tsar) Nicholas II was losing popular support and his authoritarianism which weakened his power. • In 1917, this led to The Russian Revolution when Nicholas II was overthrown and he and his heirs were executed. • As a result, Russia withdrew from the war, British and French defenses on the Western Front were crucial in final outcome of the war and the allies were needed.

23. The United States enters WWI: • The U.S. entered the war the same year Russia withdrew. • The U.S. had declared neutrality at the outbreak of The Great War but due to factors like the 1915 German U-boats sinking the of the British passenger ship, Lusitania, which brought American protests and the 1917 sinking of U.S. merchant ships, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany in April, 1917. • The armistice of November 11, 1918 ended fighting between the Allies and the Central Powers.

27. What new weapons were used in WWI? • Machine gun • Poison gas • Submarine • Airplane • Tank • Why these weapons? Why now? INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!!

36. What were the results? • Germany surrendered. • Allies impose Treaty of Versailles. ~ The Treaty of Versailles was a major peace treaty of WW1. ~ Wilson brought his 14 Point Plan to the peace conference at Versailles, France. ~Points within the 14 Point Plan was intended to undo M.A.N.I.A.

37. Casualties? • Total troops mobilizedby all countries in WW1 65,038,810 • Total troops dead from all countries in WW18,556,315 • Total troops wounded from all countries in WW1 21,219,452 • Total missing or POWs 7,750,945

38. World War One - The Treaty of Versailles • World War One ended at 11am on 11th November 1918. In 1919, Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson from the US met to discuss how Germany was to be made to pay for the damage world war one had caused. • Wilson had devised a 14 point plan that he believed would bring stability to Europe.

39. Germany expected a treaty based on these fourteen points. However, negotiations between the 'big four' Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of America did not go smoothly. • Wilson believed that his fourteen points was the only way to secure everlasting peace. • The French however, wanted the defeated nations to be punished severely and believed Wilson's plan too lenient. • European victors wanted to weaken Germany and enhance their own standing in the world. • The Treaty of Versailles was structured to punish Germany and included the “War Guilt Clause” which was a feature to where Germany accepted responsibility for starting the war.

40. Wilson wanted the basis of the Treaty to address the causes of the war and it was intended to undo the M.A.N.I.A. causes which included: • No military build up • No secret alliances • The creation of The League of Nations (an international organization designed to resolve disputes between nations to help prevent future wars).

41. “The War Guilt Clause” • German reparations • Military restrictions such as limiting the army to 100,000 soldiers • No Air Force or submarines • Demilitarization of the Rhineland • German territorial loss

42. But….The League of Nations was not successful because….. • Very weak/Unstructured • Not all of the major powers were members of the league • U.S. chose not to join • Germany and Russia were not allowed to join • Japan and Italy withdrew • The league had no authority/influence in international affairs • Could not enforce