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A Brief Introduction to the History of Computing - 3

A Brief Introduction to the History of Computing - 3. ANU Faculty of Engineering and IT Department of Computer Science COMP1200 Perspectives on Computing Chris Johnson April 2003. Intro to history of computing – 4.3. Moore’s Law: driver of 3 rd and 4 th generations

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A Brief Introduction to the History of Computing - 3

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  1. A Brief Introduction to theHistory of Computing - 3 ANU Faculty of Engineering and IT Department of Computer Science COMP1200 Perspectives on Computing Chris Johnson April 2003

  2. Intro to history of computing – 4.3 • Moore’s Law: driver of 3rd and 4th generations • What computers were used for, who made them:Operating systems, applications and the market • 4 generations of computer systems and manufacturers Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  3. 2. Moore’s Law The density of transistors on a chip(i.e. the number per unit area)doubles every 18 months • 1964: Gordon Moore (Intel) observed the fact and fitted the “law” to the figures to that date • literally “exponential growth” • is it still true 40 years later? • what does doubling every 1.5 or 2 years actually imply? Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  4. 2,500 • 30,000 • 100,000 • 300,000 • 1990 1,000,000 2. Moore’s Law Number of transistors on onechip - Intel 80x86 family processors data from Intel Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  5. 2. Moore’s Law log scale 1,000,000 data from Intel 2500 <- - - - Linear scale - - - - -> Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  6. 2. Moore’s Law • what are all those extra transistors used for • in processors? • in memory (RAM) chips? Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  7. 3. 3rd & 4th generation: von Neumann architecture with virtual memory and cache Secondarystorageuse for online filestorage Virtual memory Online file storage I/O controllers Memory fast cache memory pipelines registers ALU Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  8. 3. 4th generation (my numbering) • Integrated circuits mark the start of 3rd generation - but no hardware change marks the start of the 4th • a change in packaging and utilisation:desktop personal computerse.g. Apple II 1979, Apple Macintosh 1984 IBM PC personal computer 1981 • personal productivity tools:spreadsheets, word processing programs (and Powerpoint) • GUI – WIMP interfaceWindows–Icons–Menus-Pointerinvented 1975 Xerox PARCmass market 1984 (Mac) 1985 (IBM PC) Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  9. 1. Big Ideas - the stored program computer Why is the ability tostore the program in memory significant? (2): the 3rd and 4th generations Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  10. 4.3 History of computer systems, applications and markets • 4 generations • operating systems and software tools • applications • system configurations • the size of the market • manufacturers • generation11945-59 • generation 21959-1964 • generation31964-1981 • generation 41981----- Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  11. 1st. generation 1945-59 • vacuum tubes • storage: magnetic core, mercury delay line, magnetic drum • I/O: paper tape, punch cards, line printer • software: no operating system • assembly program, library • 1951 symbolic assembler language invented (Grace Hopper) to improve on programming by numeric codes • one user at a time Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  12. 1st. generation 1945-59 - configuration Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  13. 1st. generation 1945-59 - applications • accounting (typically decimal computers) • business stock control • general substitute for punched card business data processing: personnel, payroll • military (binary computers): calculation of artillery tables • decryption • air traffic/air defence displays Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  14. 1st. generation 1945-59– the market (started 1951) • most made by existing business equipment manufacturers • IBM • 1951-55 IBM 701 (scientific), IBM 702 (commercial): 50 of each • 24 computers installed in 1956 • 1956-61 sold 1,100 IBM 350 RAMACRandom Access Memory Accounting Machine- with a notable 5MByte disk storage unit • Remington Rand -> Sperry Rand - 24 sold in 1956 • USA: RCA, GE, Philco, Burroughs, NCR, Honeywell • a few companies in UK and France • top-end:SAGE air traffic control/air defence system:8k x 32 bit words, 75KHz, 100 radar display consoles1952-62: 46 computers installed Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  15. 2nd generation – 1959-1964 • discrete transistors replace vacuum tubes in CPU • magnetic core memory • I/O: punched cards, high speed line printer • removable disk packs Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  16. 2nd generation – 1959-64 Operating system and software tools • Batch operating systems:professional operators,sequential execution of jobs controlled by operator switches,using magnetic tapes loaded by operator from library • single job at a time • systems software: assembler, compilers • High level languagesFORTRAN(from 1954-7); Algol (1960); COBOL (1961); LISP (1960) Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  17. 2nd generation – 1959-1964 configuration Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  18. 2nd generation – 1959-1964 applications • more business operations • airline reservation system SABRE: IBM 7090, 1100 users, leased phone lines, transaction based • more scientific calculations: computational modelling • military... Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  19. 2nd generation 1959-1964markets - growth • example: IBM 1400 series (1401 - 7010) (1959-1965) • 1.4k to 16k memory 6 bit characters, decimal arithmetic • chain printer: 600 lines per minute (10 lines/second) • 14,000 machines sold (IBM original estimate: 1,000) • Manufacturers “a fierce shakeout” - IBM and the seven dwarfs (1964) • IBM • Sperry Rand • RCA • GE • Burroughs->Sperry Rand/Unisys • NCR • Honeywell • Control Data Corporation CDC • a few in UK (Ferranti->ICL), France (Bull), Germany (Nixdorf), Italy (Olivetti) Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  20. 3rd generation 1964-1981 • integrated circuits in CPU: Moore’s Law takes off • magnetic core memory, • solid state (RAM) memory from 1970 • magnetic disk secondary store, virtual memory • magnetic tape offline storage • high speed line printer • remote data terminalsVDU, 24 x 80 characters, fixed char. set;short range serial line (1200, 2400, 9600 bps) Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  21. 3. From 3rd to 4th generation • 3rd generation from approx 1964mainframe computers first, then minis • minicomputers: e.g.DEC PDP/8, PDP/11, Birth of UNIX operating system 1975 • microcomputers PET TRS-80 1979 • Apple II, VisiCalc spreadsheet 1979 4th generation............................ • IBM PC, Microsoft DOS 1981 Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  22. 3rd generation 1964-81 mainframe, minicomputer, microcomputer • mainframe: enterprise scale, multiple boards in CPU, room-sized; 24-60 bit words; ~100 users (supercomputer 10x cost, 10x speed) • mini: compact, solid state, fairly rugged, suits equipment rack 1972 DEC PDP-8: 12 bit word;DG Nova, DEC PDP-11: 16 bit, VAX: 32 bit.20-30 circuit boards for CPU initially, down to 4-5Cheaper than mainframes e.g. $100,000 1970; ~10 users • micro: very compact, single chip processor: 8 bit to 16 bit; slower than minicomputers, much cheaper again: $2,000-10,000; 1 user 1971-79 • pocket calculator replaces slide rule ~1970 Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  23. 3rd generation 1964-81 operating system and software tools • multiprogramming O/S: concurrent processing and I/O, “time-sharing” multiple jobs apparently simultaneously • database management systems • time-sharing terminals, multiple users [early 70s] • interactive programming environments: debugger programs • interactive data entry, transaction systems Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  24. 3rd generation – 1964-81 - software • rapid development of high level languages • 1965 revised COBOL 65 (ANSI standard COBOL in 1968) • 1966 FORTRAN 66 (FORTRAN IV) ANSI standard ->F77, F95 • 1967 Algol W -> Pascal 1972 • 1971 PROLOG programming in logic • 1972 C • BASIC • 1968 NATO Software Conference identifies “the software crisis”: human inability to create and manage programs-> software engineering Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  25. 3rd generation 1964-1981 - configuration Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  26. 3rd generation 1964-81 applications • more business operations • databases • scientific calculations, mathematical, industrial modelling, weather forecasting • minicomputers • industrial and other equipment control • data concentrators - front ends to mainframes • microcomputers • digital watches, games, calculators (special purpose systems) • embedded systems, hobby systems • military... embedded micro computers – digital avionics • computer networks Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  27. 3rd generation 1964-81 – the market Mainframes • e.g. IBM System/360 family 1965-71 • not time-shared • 18,000 machines sold • System 370 1971-88 • upward compatible from 360 series • time-shared (multiproccessing) • semi-conductor memory • 80,000 sold Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  28. 3rd generation 1964-81 – the manufacturers • IBM and the BUNCH (approx 1968) [not 7 any longer] • IBM • Burroughs->Sperry Rand/Unisys • UNIVAC • NCR • Control Data Corporation CDC - supercomputers • Honeywell • a few in UK (ICL), France (Bull), Germany (Siemens) • the minis (approx 1970) [new companies, electronics cos] • DEC Digital Equipment Corporation • Data General • Varian • Hewlett-Packard... and others • the micros • Apple (and Apricot and Acorn and...) • Xerox • Commodore ... many others Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  29. 4th generation 1981- • 1981 IBM PC – a 16 bit personal computer for office desktops;command line operating system MS-DOS. “Word processing” becomes a software application for PC not a dedicated box • productivity software: word processor, spreadsheet, paint and draw • 1984 Apple Macintosh: WIMP • 1985 Microsoft Windows for PC • 2000 common processor chips drive nearly all large and small computers Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  30. 4th generation 1981 – mainframes, personal computers • applications become centred on Graphical User Interface, need for memory and processor speed grow enormously • mainframes continue as main computers – re-invented as servers to enterprise networks of personal workstations and PCs • mid 1980s: local computer networks transform the personal to the enterpise network; the Internet for email • mid 1990s: the World Wide Web on the Internet transforms the personal computer from a local information management and processing tool to a communication tool Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

  31. 4th generation – the market Biggest manufacturers of servers, workstations, desktops, laptops: a very volatile market, year by year [in 2001: • Compaq (includes DEC) [1 million servers; 14 million PCs worldwide; 12% of Australian PC market] • Dell [700k servers; 11% Australian PC market • IBM [660,000 servers] • Hewlett-Packard [10%] now merged Compaq 2002 • Sun [360,000 workstations; 9% Australian PC market] • Apple [4% of Australian PC market] • NEC [6 million PCs world] • many other small companies: 48% Australian PC market, 25% servers, 80 million PCs figures from Gartner Group press release web pages The software market is now where the big money flows – Microsoft, Oracle There are very few chip manufacturers. They produce millions. Intro to history of computing: systems, apps, markets

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